Fig. 4. Effects of urolithin A (UA) on the mitochondria-related apoptosis pathway.

The cells were pretreated with UA for 6 h, then treated with 300 µM H₂O₂ for 18 h. (A) The protein expression by Western blotting. (B-E) Quantitative analysis of the bar graphs showed the densities of the protein bands; (B) cytochrome c, (C) cleaved caspase-9, (D) cleaved caspase-3, and (E) cleaved PARP. The normalization of cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP used GAPDH. The results are expressed as mean ± SD. Different letters indicate a significant difference according to analysis of variance (P < 0.05).