Table 1.

The features of ferroptosis, apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis

	Ferroptosis	Apoptosis	Autophagy	Necroptosis
Morphological Features	Small mitochondria with increased mitochondrial membrane densities, reduction or vanishing of mitochondria Crista, outer mitochondrial membrane Rupture and normal nucleus	Cellular and nuclear volume reduction, chromatin agglutination, nuclear fragmentation, formation of apoptotic bodies and cytoskeletal disintegration, no significant changes in mitochondrial structure	Formation of double-membraned autolysosomes, including macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy	Plasma membrane breakdown, generalized swelling of the cytoplasm and organelles, moderate chromatin condensation, spillage of cellular constituents into the microenvironment
Biochemical Features	Iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation	DNA fragmentation	Increased lysosomal activity	Drop in ATP levels
Regulatory Pathways	Xc- /GPX4, MVA, sulfur transfer pathway, P62-Keap1-NRF2 pathway, P53/SLC7A11, ATG5-ATG7-NCOA4 pathway, P53-SAT1-ALOX15 pathway, HSPB1-TRF1, FSP1-COQ10-NAD(P)H pathway	Death receptor pathway, mitochondrion pathway and endoplasmic reticulum pathway; Caspase, P53, Bcl-2 mediated signaling pathway	mTOR, Beclin-1, P53 signaling pathway	TNF-R1 and RIP1/RIP3-MLKL related signaling pathways; PKC-MAPK-AP-1 related signaling pathway; ROS-related metabolic regulation pathway
Key genes	GPX4, TFR1, SLC7A11, NRF2, NCOA4, P53, HSPB1, ACSL4, FSP1	Caspase, Bcl-2, Bax, P53, Fas	ATG5, ATG7, LC3, Beclin-1, DRAM3, TFEB	RIP1, RIP3

ACSL4 acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4, ALOX-15 arachidonate lipoxygenase 15, AP-1 activator protein-1, ATG5 autophagy-related 5, ATG7 autophagy-related 7, COQ10 coenzyme Q10, DRAM3 damage-regulated autophagy modulator 3, FSP1 ferroptosis suppressor protein 1, GPX4 glutathione peroxidase 4, HSPB1 heat shock protein beta-1, Keap1 Keleh-like ECH-associated protein 1, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, MLKL mixed lineage kinase domain like protein, mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin, MVA mevalonate, LC3 microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3, NCOA4 nuclear receptor coactivator 4, NRF2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, PKC protein kinase C, RIP receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase, ROS reactive oxygen species, SAT1 spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1, SLC7A11 solute carrier family 7 member 11, system Xc- cysteine/glutamate transporter receptor, TFEB transcription factor EB, TFR1 transferrin receptor 1, TNF-R1 tumor necrosis factor R1.