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. 2020 Feb 3;10:1672. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58382-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Tolvaptan and pioglitazone elevate surrogate drug markers in vivo. (a) Water intake per day per mouse (grams) in untreated and treated mice. Water intake was calculated by dividing the difference in water bottle weight by the number of mice per cage (n = 2 or 3) and the number of days between measurements. (b) Plasma adiponectin concentrations (ng/mL) in untreated and treated mice. Each data point represents the average plasma concentration of 1 mouse, measured in duplicate. Mice from each group were selected around the median of the 2KW/BW% ratios. (c) Graphical representation of the preclinical study. Tamoxifen (150 mg/kg) was administered to mice on PN18 & 19 to delete Pkd1. Treatments started at 5 weeks of age (PN35) and renal function was monitored from 14 weeks of age (PN98). The experiment was ended at the 50% ESRD time point (around 3.5 months of age). Data represent the mean ± SD. Significance was measured by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. PN: post-natal.