Table 1.
Baseline demographic characteristics and screening values of analyzed participants.
| Participant characteristics | Training group (n = 15) | Control group (n = 16) | U or X2(df) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [years] | 77.0 ± 6.4 (65–90) | 70.9 ± 5.0 (65–84) | 49.5 | 0.005* |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 24.2 ± 2.2 (20.9–28.1) | 27.0 ± 5.1 (20.9–42.4) | 77.0 | 0.089 |
| Education [years] | 13.3 ± 4.0 (8–25) | 14.4 ± 2.6 (10–19) | 79.0 | 0.101 |
| MMSE Score | 28.9 ± 1.1 (27–30) | 29.2 ± 0.9 (27–30) | 102.0 | 0.452 |
| Female [n, %] | 10 (66.7) | 6 (37.5) | 2.637(1) | 0.104 |
| Fear of falling [n, %] | ||||
| Never | 7 (46.7) | 14 (87.5) | 8.755(2) | 0.013* |
| Sometimes | 8 (53.3) | 1 (6.3) | ||
| Often | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | ||
| Always | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Number of falls during last month+ [n, %] | ||||
| Never | 11 (73.3) | 15 (93.8) | 2.386(1) | 0.122 |
| Once | 4 (26.7) | 1 (6.3) | ||
| More than once | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Self-evaluation of health state [n, %] | ||||
| Very good | 1 (6.7) | 2 (12.5) | 3.972(3) | 0.265 |
| Good | 12 (80.0) | 11 (68.8) | ||
| Medium | 2 (13.3) | 3 (18.8) | ||
| Bad | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Self-evaluation of balance [n, %] | ||||
| Very good | 1 (6.7) | 2 (12.5) | 7.849(3) | 0.049* |
| Good | 4 (26.7) | 11 (68.8) | ||
| Medium | 8 (53.3) | 3 (18.8) | ||
| Bad | 2 (13.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Self-evaluation of muscle strength [n, %] | ||||
| Very good | 1 (6.7) | 2 (12.5) | 4.540(3) | 0.209 |
| Good | 5 (33.3) | 9 (56.3) | ||
| Medium | 6 (40.0) | 5 (31.3) | ||
| Bad | 3 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Physical activity level [hours/week] | ||||
| Intense physical activity | 0 (0.0; 2.1) | 0 (0.0; 0.4) | 113.0 | 0.719 |
| Moderate physical activity | 2 (0.8; 5.0)++ | 3 (0.0; 7.5) | 94.0 | 0.658 |
Data are mean values ± standard deviation (range) or number of participants per category (absolute and relative frequency) as indicated.
+
Self-stated.
++
n = 13 due to missing values. Group differences were evaluated using Mann Whitney U test and 2-dimensional (Pearson) Chi Square test.
*
p < 0.05, p-values are asymptotic sig. two-tailed. Bold values indicate significance. BMI, Body Mass Index; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination.