Table 1.

Pharmacological agents targeting macrophages in alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, viral hepatitis, or hepatocellular carcinoma.

Target	Agent	Mechanism of action	Phase	Clinical trial number
ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE
Gut bacteria	Combined vancomycin and gentamycin and meropenem	Inhibiting macrophage activation by gut bacteria eradication	Ongoing	NCT03157388
NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS
Galectin 3	GR-MD-02	Galectin 3 antagonist on macrophages	Phase 2	NCT02462967
CCR2/CCR5	Cenicriviroc	CCR2/CCR5 antagonist (inhibits monocyte/macrophage infiltration)	Phase 2	NCT02217475
PPARα/δ	Elafibranor	Dual PPARα/δ agonist, PPARδ agonist promotes anti-inflammatory differentiation	Phase 3	NCT02704403
VIRAL HEPATITIS
GM-CSF	Entecavir plus GM-CSF	GM-CSF promotes macrophage differentiation	Ongoing	NCT03164889
GM-CSF	Y peginterferon alpha-2b plus GM-CSF	GM-CSF promotes macrophage differentiation	Phase 2	NCT02332473
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
CSF1R	Chiauranib	Multi-target inhibitor that suppresses angiogenesis-related kinases, mitosis-related kinase Aurora B, and CSF1R. Blockade of CSF1R decreases the macrophage differentiation.	Phase 1	NCT03245190
CCR2/5	Nivolumab plus CCR2/5 inhibitor	CCR2/CCR5 antagonist (inhibits monocyte/macrophage infiltration)	Phase 2	NCT04123379

CCR2, CC chemokine receptor 2, CSF1R, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.