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BMP9 signaling in endothelial cells and angiogenesis. The most current evidence supports the theory that a heterodimer formed by BMP9 and BMP10 provides most BMP biological activity in plasma, and acts as a key regulator of blood vessel homeostasis. ENG and ALK1 are necessary mediators of angiogenesis, with evidence suggesting that BMP9 and closely related BMP10 are the key cytokines upstream of ALK1/pSMAD1/5/8 signaling in endothelial cells.
