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. 2019 Dec 5;61(2):229–243. doi: 10.1194/jlr.RA119000431

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Overview of the MVA pathway and the synthesis of astaxanthin and ergosterol in X. dendrorhous. The MVA pathway (in blue), astaxanthin (in red), and ergosterol (in green) biosynthesis [adapted from (26)]. Arrows represent the catalytic step with the corresponding enzyme-encoding gene in X. dendrorhous (underlined) or in S. cerevisiae. MVA-P, mevalonate-5-phosphate; MVA-PP, mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate; IPP, isopentenyl-pyrophosphate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl-pyrophosphate; GPP, geranyl-pyrophosphate; FPP, farnesyl-pyrophosphate; GGPP, geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate. The included X. dendrorhous genes, encoded enzymes and GenBank accession numbers (in square brackets) are ERG10, acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase [KX267759]; HMGS, HMG-CoA synthase [MK368600]; HMGR, [MK368599]; idi, IPP isomerase [DQ235686]; FPS, FPP synthase [KJ140284]; crtE, GGPP synthase [DQ012943]; crtYB, bifunctional lycopene cyclase/phytoene synthase [DQ016503]; crtI, phytoene desaturase [Y15007]; crtS, astaxanthin synthase [EU713462]; crtR, cytochrome p450 reductase [EU884133]; CYP51, lanosterol 14α-demethylase [KP317478]; and CYP61, C-22 sterol desaturase [JX183240].