Figure 9.

GPR4 Antagonist 13 Reduces Inflammatory Exudate Production and Leukocyte Infiltration in the Ischemic Hindlimb Tissues

(A–F) Inflammatory exudate measurements and leukocyte infiltration quantification in WT mice provided with vehicle or GPR4 antagonist 13 in the hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion mouse model. GPR4 antagonist 13 reduces inflammatory exudate formation and leukocyte infiltration in the exudate. Representative images of H&E staining of (A) WT vehicle cuff and (B) WT GPR4 antagonist 13 cuff skin tissue sections. Immunohistochemical staining of mouse plasma IgG protein in (C) WT vehicle cuff and (D) WT GPR4 antagonist 13 cuff inflammatory exudate sections. IgG protein can be visualized as brown signal. (E) Total exudate formation and (F) leukocyte infiltration from multiple fields of view (FOVs) when compared with vehicle control following ischemia-reperfusion. Black brackets indicate exudate distribution. Arrows indicate infiltrated leukocytes. 10x and 20x microscope objectives used. Scale bars indicate 100 μm. Data analyzed from 10 vehicle- and 10 GPR4 inhibitor-treated mice. Data are presented as mean ± SEM and were analyzed for statistical significance using the unpaired two-tailed t test or ANOVA where **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001.