Table 1.

Sleep Characteristics of the Patients and Control Participants

	HPC		CTL		U	ES	p Value
	M (SD)	95% CI	M	95% CI
Sleep Questionnaires
PSQI	3.50 (1.00)	[1.91 to 5.09]	4.90 (3.31)	[2.53 to 7.27]	16.5	0.27	0.604
ESS	9.25 (8.34)	[−4.02 to 22.52]	5.00 (3.59)	[2.43 to 7.57]	13.5	0.51	0.350
MEQ	53.50 (5.8)	[44.27 to 62.73]	58.60 (6.06)	[54.27 to 62.93]	11.5	0.68	0.228
WatchPAT
Apnea-hypopnea index	17.58 (15.21)	[−6.63 to 41.78]	10.13 (6.66)	[5.37 to 14.89]	13.0	0.55	0.322
Actigraphy (across 7 Nights)
Sleep efficiency (%)	83.44 (9.43)	[68.42 to 98.45]	89.25 (2.83)	[87.22 to 91.27]	10.0	0.82	0.157
Total sleep time (min)	413.79 (88.33)	[273.24 to 554.34]	420.49 (32.97)	[396.97 to 444]	17.0	0.23	0.671
Fragmentation index	28.50 (13.01)	[7.79 to 49.2]	18.48 (6.23)	[14.02 to 22.94]	14.0	0.47	0.396
Night-to-night variability	9.82 (4.90)	[2.03 to 17.61]	7.42 (2.36)	[5.73 to 9.11]	15.0	0.39	0.480
Bedtime	23:50 (01:00)	[22:14 to 01:26]	23:30 (00:32)	[23:07 to 23:53]	18.0	0.15	0.777
Midpoint	3:41 (0:35)	[2:45 to 4:37]	3:17 (0:33)	[2:53 to 3:40]	11.0	0.72	0.203
Sleep Macroarchitecture
Total sleep time (min)	303.71 (70.91)	[190.87 to 416.55]	326.98 (59.57)	[284.37 to 369.6]	14.0	0.47	0.396
Sleep efficiency (%)	65.83 (12.33)	[46.21to 85.45]	71.22 (11.08)	[63.29 to 79.14]	15.0	0.39	0.480
Latency to sleep onset (min)	22.15 (10.52)	[5.41to 38.88]	14.82 (8.66)	[8.62 to 21.01]	8.0	1.02	0.090
Latency to REM (min)	114.28 (37.44)	[21.27 to 207.29]	84.02 (27.62)	[64.26 to 103.77]	6.0	1.25	0.128
Wake after sleep onset (min)	132.27 (61.62)	[34.22 to 230.32]	116.22 (46.17)	[83.19 to 149.24]	17.5	0.19	0.723
NREM stage 1 (%)	25.35 (20.03)	[−6.53 to 57.22]	17.86 (5.77)	[13.73 to 21.99]	19.0	0.08	0.888
NREM stage 1 (min)	66.46 (43.88)	[−3.37 to 136.29]	55.6 (11.88)	[47.1 to 64.1]	19.0	0.08	0.888
NREM stage 2 (%)	57.49 (14.75)	[34.02 to 80.96]	55.8 (4.27)	[52.74 to 58.86]	14.0	0.47	0.396
NREM stage 2 (min)	179.69 (68.16)	[71.24 to288.14]	183.27 (40.44)	[154.33 to 212.2]	18.0	0.15	0.777
NREM SWS (%)	0.33 (0.44)	[−0.36 to 1.03]	5.39 (4.57)	[2.12 to 8.65]	3.0	1.68	0.016a
NREM SWS (min)	1.31 (1.93)	[−1.77 to 4.39]	18.02 (16.76)	[6.02 to 30.01]	3.0	1.68	0.016a
REM sleep (%)	16.83 (14.04)	[−5.51 to 39.18]	20.97 (4.47)	[17.77 to 24.17]	12.0	0.63	0.258
REM sleep (min)	56.25 (56.71)	[−33.98 to 146.48]	69.92 (19.46)	[56 to 83.83]	12.0	0.63	0.258
Sleep Stability and Fragmentation
Arousal index score events/h	31.01 (26.24)	[−10.74 to 72.77]	21.42 (6.94)	[16.46 to 26.39]	17.0	0.23	0.671
Awakening index score events/h	8.54 (2.60)	[4.4 to 12.68]	9.27 (3.03)	[7.11 to 11.44]	17.0	0.23	0.671
State transitions/h	43.73 (21.74)	[9.14 to 78.32]	45.73 (11.79)	[37.3 to 54.17]	19.0	0.08	0.888
Functional uncertainty (TFU/TST)	0.16 (0.10)	[0 to 0.33]	0.17 (0.07)	[0.12 to 0.23]	18.0	0.15	0.777
Wake-sleep transitions (min)	0.20 (0.10)	[0.04 to 0.37]	0.21 (0.09)	[0.15 to 0.28]	20.0	0.00	1.000
Stability NREM (min)	1.89 (0.15)	[1.66 to 2.13]	1.77 (0.09)	[1.7 to 1.83]	10.0	0.82	0.157
Stability REM (min)	1.75 (0.19)	[1.27 to 2.23]	1.68 (0.08)	[1.63 to 1.74]	9.0	0.91	0.310

Sleep macroarchitecture and sleep stability and fragmentation measures are averaged over 3 nights. For one patient, the average was based on 2 PSG nights due to artifacts in the recording of the other night. p values relate to between-group non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests. See Table S3 for the results of the bootstrapped analysis. Note that one patient had severe obstructive sleep apnea. When he and his matched controls were removed from the analyses, the results were unchanged—see STAR Methods and Tables S4 and S5. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; CTL, control participants; ES, effect size; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; HPC, hippocampal-damaged patients; M, mean; MEQ, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire; min, minute; NREM, non-rapid eye movement sleep; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; REM, rapid eye movement sleep; SD, standard deviation; SWS, slow-wave sleep; TFU, total functional uncertainty; TST, total sleep time.

^aSignificant differences