Table 1.
Clinical and Demographic Characteristics and Outcomes of Interest by Palliative Care Status (N = 558)
| Type | Variable | Category | Palliative care services provided | Overall sample, N = 558 | Unadjusted chi-square p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||||
| n = 302 | n = 256 | |||||
| Clinical and demographic characteristics | Age category | 0–30 days | 58 (19.2%) | 78 (30.5%) | 136 (24.4%) | 0.003 |
| 31–364 days | 55 (18.2%) | 48 (18.8%) | 103 (18.5%) | |||
| 1–4 years | 48 (15.9%) | 48 (18.8%) | 96 (17.2%) | |||
| 5–9 years | 39 (12.9%) | 15 (5.9%) | 54 (9.7%) | |||
| 10–14 years | 42 (13.9%) | 24 (9.4%) | 66 (11.8%) | |||
| 15+ years | 60 (19.9%) | 43 (16.8%) | 103 (18.5%) | |||
| Diagnosis category | Acquired cardiac condition | 20 (6.6%) | 14 (5.5%) | 34 (6.1%) | <0.001 | |
| Congenital heart disease | 23 (7.6%) | 36 (14.1%) | 59 (10.6%) | |||
| Congenital malformation and genetic | 23 (7.6%) | 25 (9.8%) | 48 (8.6%) | |||
| Infection | 4 (1.3%) | 8 (3.1%) | 12 (2.2%) | |||
| Malignancy | 32 (10.6%) | 48 (18.8%) | 80 (14.3%) | |||
| Neurologic | 46 (15.2%) | 36 (14.1%) | 82 (14.7%) | |||
| Complications of prematurity | 26 (8.6%) | 27 (10.5%) | 53 (9.5%) | |||
| Respiratory | 26 (8.6%) | 49 (19.1%) | 75 (13.4%) | |||
| Trauma | 56 (18.5%) | 8 (3.1%) | 64 (11.5%) | |||
| Other | 46 (15.2%) | 5 (2.0%) | 51 (9.1%) | |||
| Race | White | 199 (65.9%) | 184 (71.9%) | 383 (68.6%) | 0.13 | |
| Nonwhite | 103 (34.1%) | 72 (28.1%) | 175 (31.4%) | |||
| Sex | Male | 171 (56.6%) | 142 (55.5%) | 313 (56.1%) | 0.78 | |
| Female | 131 (43.4%) | 114 (44.5%) | 245 (43.9%) | |||
| Primary place of care | Neonatal intensive care unit | 60 (19.9%) | 82 (32.0%) | 142 (25.4%) | <0.001 | |
| Pediatric intensive care unit | 79 (26.2%) | 71 (27.7%) | 150 (26.9%) | |||
| Inpatient | 32 (10.6%) | 76 (29.7%) | 108 (19.4%) | |||
| Outpatient | 97 (32.1%) | 23 (9.0%) | 120 (21.5%) | |||
| Other | 34 (11.3%) | 4 (1.6%) | 38 (6.8%) | |||
| Religion documented | Yes | 137 (45.4%) | 139 (54.3%) | 276 (49.5%) | 0.035 | |
| No | 165 (54.6%) | 117 (45.7%) | 282 (50.5%) | |||
| Rural Urban Commuting Area code | Urban | 189 (62.6%) | 158 (61.7%) | 347 (62.2%) | 0.33 | |
| Large rural | 36 (11.9%) | 38 (14.8%) | 74 (13.3%) | |||
| Small rural | 46 (15.2%) | 28 (10.9%) | 74 (13.3%) | |||
| Isolated | 31 (10.3%) | 32 (12.5%) | 63 (11.3%) | |||
| Year of deatha | 2012 | 75 (63.03%) | 44 (36.97%) | 119 (21.3%) | 0.028 | |
| 2013 | 63 (59.43%) | 43 (40.57%) | 106 (19.0%) | |||
| 2014 | 56 (52.34%) | 51 (47.66%) | 107 (19.2%) | |||
| 2015 | 56 (52.83%) | 50 (47.17%) | 106 (19.0%) | |||
| 2016 | 52 (43.33%) | 68 (56.67%) | 120 (21.5%) | |||
| Advance care planning | Goals of care documented | Yes | 28 (9.3%) | 230 (89.8%) | 258 (46.2%) | <0.001 |
| No | 274 (90.7%) | 26 (10.2%) | 300 (53.8%) | |||
| Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment form | Yes | 5 (1.7%) | 46 (18.0%) | 51 (9.1%) | <0.001 | |
| No | 297 (98.3%) | 210 (82.0%) | 507 (90.9%) | |||
| Circumstances of death | Hospice | Yes | 13 (4.3%) | 56 (21.9%) | 69 (12.4%) | <0.001 |
| No | 289 (95.7%) | 200 (78.1%) | 489 (87.6%) | |||
| Code status | Do not resuscitate | 67 (22.2%) | 181 (70.7%) | 248 (44.4%) | <0.001 | |
| Limited | 5 (1.7%) | 12 (4.7%) | 17 (3.0%) | |||
| Full Code | 230 (76.2%) | 63 (24.6%) | 293 (52.5%) | |||
| Location of death | Emergency department | 24 (7.9%) | 7 (2.7%) | 31 (5.6%) | <0.001 | |
| Home | 38 (12.6%) | 42 (16.4%) | 80 (14.3%) | |||
| Inpatient | 25 (8.3%) | 19 (7.4%) | 44 (7.9%) | |||
| Neonatal intensive care unit | 52 (17.2%) | 94 (36.7%) | 146 (26.2%) | |||
| Pediatric intensive care unit | 81 (26.8%) | 79 (30.9%) | 160 (28.7%) | |||
| Other | 82 (27.2%) | 15 (5.9%) | 97 (17.4%) | |||
Frequencies are displayed for the overall sample and by palliative care status; row percentages are included in parentheses.
a
Column percentages are displayed for year of death.