Table 2.
Hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease according to the change in smoking habit among atrial fibrillation male patients
| Continual smokers | Quitters | Sustained ex-smokers | Never smokers | p for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular disease | |||||
| Events | 93 | 35 | 110 | 151 | |
| Person-years | 2407 | 1312 | 3382 | 4666 | |
| aHR (95% CI)a | 1.00 (reference) | 0.65 (0.44–0.97) | 0.76 (0.57–1.02) | 0.68 (0.52–0.90) | 0.020 |
| Total stroke | |||||
| Events | 60 | 20 | 65 | 92 | |
| Person-years | 2541 | 1374 | 3512 | 4871 | |
| aHR (95% CI)a | 1.00 (reference) | 0.59 (0.35–0.99) | 0.72 (0.50–1.04) | 0.66 (0.46–0.93) | 0.047 |
| Ischemic stroke | |||||
| Events | 46 | 13 | 44 | 64 | |
| Person-years | 2589 | 1395 | 3568 | 4942 | |
| aHR (95% CI)a | 1.00 (reference) | 0.50 (0.27–0.94) | 0.64 (0.42–0.99) | 0.61 (0.41–0.91) | 0.047 |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | |||||
| Events | 6 | 3 | 8 | 11 | |
| Person-years | 2687 | 1414 | 3659 | 5117 | |
| aHR (95% CI)a | 1.00 (reference) | 0.96 (0.23–4.00) | 1.00 (0.34–3.00) | 0.88 (0.31–2.54) | 0.805 |
| Coronary heart disease | |||||
| Events | 44 | 19 | 53 | 79 | |
| Person-years | 2545 | 1347 | 3527 | 4904 | |
| aHR (95% CI)a | 1.00 (reference) | 0.75 (0.43–1.29) | 0.77 (0.51–1.17) | 0.74 (0.50–1.10) | 0.189 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | |||||
| Events | 12 | 2 | 4 | 20 | |
| Person-years | 2682 | 1411 | 3674 | 5136 | |
| aHR (95% CI)a | 1.00 (reference) | 0.27 (0.06–1.23) | 0.21 (0.06–0.67) | 0.67 (0.31–1.45) | 0.530 |
Acronyms: aHR adjusted hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
aHazard ratios calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis after adjustments for age, household income, alcohol consumption, physical exercise, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol, Charlson comorbidity index, aspirin use, warfarin use, and index year