Table 1.
Studies of cognition in individuals at CHR for psychosis
| Study | Participants | Mean age | Tasks | Follow-up (months) | Rate of conversion | Anti-psychotic use | Clinical tool |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eastvold et al. (2007) | 40 CHR 36 Controls |
21 22 |
Vocabulary, block design, Stroop colour naming, Stroop colour-word, numeric attention, letter number sequencing, spatial span, HVLT, WCST | 12 | 17% | NA | SIPS/SOPS |
| Frommann et al. (2010) | 89 CHR 87 Controls |
25 25 |
MWT-B, RAVLT, self-ordered pointing task, trails A and B, digit symbol coding, letter fluency, CPT, letter number sequencing | – | – | Yes (10%) | ERIraos |
| Pflueger et al. (2007) | 54 CHR 51 Controls |
27 23 |
MWT-A and LPS scale 3, tower of Hanoi, WCST, TAP (go/no go, working memory), CPT-OX | – | Yes (7%) | BSIP/BPRS | |
| Pukrop et al. (2006) | 90 CHR 179 Controls |
25 29 |
MWT-B, visual backwards masking, CPT-IP, spatial working memory task (dot location), RAVLT, Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test, category and letter fluency, WCST | – | – | No | SIPS/SOPS |
| Simon et al. (2007) | 69 CHR Normative data |
20 NA |
MWT-B, letter number sequencing, trails A and B, category and letter fluency, WCST, RAVLT, TAP (sustained attention, alertness) | – | – | No | SIPS/SOPS |
| Jahshan et al. (2010)* | 48 CHR 29 Controls |
19 19 |
Vocabulary, block design, WCST, Stroop colour-word, numeric attention, Stroop colour naming, HVLT, letter number sequencing, spatial span | 6 | 12.5% | Yes (21%) | SIPS/SOPS |
| Keefe et al. (2006)* | 37 CHR 47 Controls |
21 24 |
Premorbid IQ (NART), category and letter fluency, CPT-IP, CVLT, digit symbol coding, spatial working memory task (dot location), letter number sequencing, finger tapping | 12 | 39% | No | SIPS/SOPS |
| Seidman et al. (2010) | 304 CHR 193 Controls |
18 19 |
Vocabulary, block design, digit symbol coding, trails B, letter fluency, WCST, stories/logical memory, list learning, CPT-IP | 30 | 29% | NA | SIPS/SOPS |
| Woodberry et al. (2010) | 73 CHR 34 Controls |
16 16 |
Premorbid IQ (WRAT), vocabulary, block design, similarities, matrix reasoning), CPT-IP, CVLT, stories/logical memory, category fluency, trails 4, WCST, letter number sequencing, finger tapping, B-SIT | 24 | 50% | Yes | SIPS/SOPS |
| Lindgren et al. (2010) | 62 CHR 72 Controls 112 HSC |
16 16 |
Vocabulary, block design, reaction time, category and letter fluency, trails A, B, and C, digit symbol coding, CVLT, prose learning, visual reproductions, digit span, visual span, similarities, matrix reasoning, dot cancellation, counting backwards, dual task numbers, dual task dots, Purdue pegboard, spatial tapping | – | – | NA | SIPS/SOPS |
| Ozgurdal et al. (2009) | 54 CHR Normative data |
25 NA |
MWT-B, LPS section UT3, category and letter fluency, trails B, Stroop colour-word, CPT-IP, AVLT (German version), WCST | – | – | Yes (31%) | SIPS/SOPS and BSABS |
| Hurlemann et al. (2008) | 16 CHR 30 Controls |
27 28 |
MWT-B, RAVLT | 18 | 31% | No | ERIraos |
| Niendam et al. (2006) | 45 CHR Normative data |
18 NA |
Full scale WISC/WAIS current IQ, trails A and B, digit symbol coding, category and letter fluency, matrix reasoning, visual reproductions, digit span, CVLT, stories/logical memory, finger tapping | – | – | Yes (42%) | SIPS/SOPS |
| Niendam et al. (2007)* | 35 CHR Normative data |
17 NA |
WASI IQ, trails A and B, digit symbol coding, letter fluency, matrix reasoning, visual reproductions, digit span, CVLT, stories/logical memory, finger tapping | 8 | 25% | Yes (50%) | SIPS/SOPS |
| Becker et al. (2010b)* | 40 CHR 17 Controls |
20 19 |
Premorbid IQ (NART), CVLT, category and letter fluency, CPT, finger tapping, spatial working memory test (dot location), complex figure of Rey | 18 | 41% | NA | SIPS/SOPS and BSABS |
| Pukrop et al. (2007) | 83 CHR 44 Controls |
24 25 |
MWT-B, visual backwards masking, CPT-IP, dual tasking test, letter number sequencing, subject ordered pointing task, spatial working memory task (dot location), RAVLT, Rey-Osterrieth complex figure task, digit symbol coding, trails A and B, WCST, category and letter fluency | At least 12 | 53% | No | SIPS/SOPS |
| Fusar-Poli et al. (2010)* | 15 CHR 15 Controls |
25 24 |
Premorbid IQ (NART), paired associate learning | 12 | 13% | No | CAARMS |
| Becker et al. (2010a) | 47 CHR 42 Controls |
21 20 |
Category and letter fluency | 24 | 38% | Yes (25%) | SIPS/SOPS and BSABS |
| Magaud et al. (2010) | 77 CHR 61 HSC |
21 20 |
Category and letter fluency | – | – | Yes (13%) | CAARMS |
| Hawkins et al. (2008)* | 60 CHR No controls |
18 – |
Vocabulary, block design, information, finger tapping, CPT-IP, VIDA, letter number sequencing, Ruff figural fluency, Benton line orientation, CVLT, visual reproductions, digit symbol coding, Stroop colour and word, trails A and B, category and letter fluency, WCST | 12 | 35% | Yes (50%) | SIPS/SOPS |
| Wood et al. (2007)* | 16 CHR 17 Controls |
19 20 |
Premorbid IQ (NART), block design, information, digit span, arithmetic, similarities, picture completion, digit symbol coding, logical memory, visual reproductions, digits forwards and backwards, paired associates, RAVLT, trails A and B, letter fluency | 12 | 44% | Not at baseline, but one after | CAARMS |
| Riecher-Rossler et al. (2007) | 53 CHR No controls |
26 – |
MWT-A, LPS scale 3, Tower of Hanoi, TAP (go/no go, working memory), CPT-OX | 53 | 40% | Yes (7%) | BSIP/BPRS |
| Linszen et al. in Abubaker et al. (2008)† | CHR HSC |
NA NA |
CPT-IP, RAVLT, Verbal fluency test, finger tapping, spatial working memory test | 18 | NA | NA | SIPS and BSABS-P |
Note: *, Longitudinal studies; IQ, intelligence quotient; RPMIP, Royal Park multidiagnostic instrument for psychosis; BSABS, Bonn scale for the assessment of basic symptoms; ERIraos, early recognition inventory/interview for the retrospective assessment of the onset of schizophrenia; CAARMS, comprehensive assessment of at risk mental state; SIPS, structured interview for prodromal syndromes; SOPS, scale of prodromal symptoms; ICD, international classification of diseases; BSIP, Basel screening instrument for psychosis; BPRS, brief psychiatric rating scale; HSC, help seeking controls; NART, national adult reading test; WRAT, wide range achievement test; CPT-IP, continuous performance test-identical pairs; CVLT, California verbal learning test; RAVLT, Rey auditory verbal learning test; HVLT, Hopkins verbal learning test; VIDA, variable interval delayed alternation; LPS, performance test system; MWT, multiple choice vocabulary intelligence test; WCST, Wisconsin card sorting test; TAP, test of attentional performance; WISC/WAIS, Wechsler intelligence scale for children/Wechsler adult intelligence scale; B-SIT, brief smell identification test; UPSIT, university of Pennsylvania smell identification test; †, unpublished data.