Table 1.
Angiocrine factors involved in tumorigenicity
| Angiocrine factors | Function | Tumor specificity | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMP2 and BMP4 | Control of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation | Brain tumor | [52] |
|
bFGF, endothelin 1 IL-6, IL-8, TGFβ PDGFβ |
Tumor progression | Prostate cancer | [210] |
| BDNF and PEDF | CSC expansion | Brain tumor | [48, 58] |
| EGF | CSC expansion | Head and neck cancer | [34] |
| FasL | Immune tolerance | Ovarian, breast, colon renal, prostate, bladder cancers | [193] |
| FGF2 | Resistance to Bevacizumab in ECs | Ovarian cancer | [150] |
| Jagged1 |
Increasing stem cell population Improving tumor growth, stemness and invasiveness Invasiveness and chemoresistance |
Colorectal cancer Breast cancer B cell lymphoma |
[211] [136] [35] |
| LAMA4 | Generation of vascular niche basement membrane | All types of tumors | [212, 213] |
| NO | Regulation of leukemic cell growth | Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | [154] |
| POSTN and TGFβ1 | Tumor dormancy | Breast cancer | [144] |
| CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 CCL5, CXCR9 CXCR10 | Tumor immune tolerance | All types of tumors | [190, 214, 215] |
| VEGF-A and VEGF-C | Improving tumor cell survival | Leukemia | [32, 153] |
|
ICAM1, VCAM Selectin |
T cell infiltration into tumors | All types of tumors | [187, 188] |
| Tim-3 | Tumor immune invasion | Lymphoma | [192] |
ANGPT2 angiopoietin 2, BDNF brain-derived nerve growth factor, bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor, BMP bone morphogenetic protein, CCL chemokine (c–c motif) ligand (CCL2 also known as MCP1; CCL5 also known as RANTES), CXCR chemokine (c-x-c motif) receptor (CXCR9 also known as MIG), CSF colony stimulating factor, EDN1 endothelin 1, EGF epidermal growth factor, FasL Fas ligand, FGF2 fibroblast growth factor 2, ICAM1 intracellular adhesion molecule 1, IL interleukin, LAMA4 laminin α4, NO nitric oxide, PDGFβ platelet-derived growth factor-β, PEDF pigmented epithelial growth factor, POSTN periostin (also known as OSF2), PGF placental growth factor, SDF1 stromal cell-derived factor 1 (also known as CXCL2); selectin, also known as CD62, Tim-3 mucin domain-containing molecule 3, TGFβ transforming growth factor-β, VCAM vascular cell adhesion molecule, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor