Table 4.
Associations between low CE at baseline and incident disorders at follow-up (N = 3017)*
| Low CE | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No disorder | Disorder | Crude model† | Adjusted model‡ | |||
| Incident disorder at follow-up | M (s.d.) | M (s.d.) | OR [95% CI] | p | OR [95% CI] | p |
| Any disorder§ | 0.70 (0.51) | 0.87 (0.62) | 1.35 [1.21; 1.52] | <0.001 | – | – |
| Any anxiety disorder‖ | 0.83 (0.57) | 0.92 (0.54) | 1.16 [1.00; 1.34] | 0.047 | 1.06 [0.90; 1.25] | 0.508 |
| Panic disorder | 0.85 (0.58) | 0.98 (0.61) | 1.24 [0.99; 1.55] | 0.063 | 1.09 [0.86; 1.39] | 0.469 |
| Agoraphobia | 0.85 (0.58) | 0.98 (0.61) | 1.26 [1.01; 1.58] | 0.044 | 1.18 [0.92; 1.52] | 0.193 |
| GAD | 0.85 (0.58) | 1.12 (0.53) | 1.50 [1.24; 1.81] | <0.001 | 1.14 [0.92; 1.42] | 0.238 |
| Social phobia | 0.84 (0.58) | 0.91 (0.50) | 1.10 [0.92; 1.31] | 0.283 | 0.97 [0.80; 1.19] | 0.802 |
| Any depression¶ | 0.80 (0.57) | 1.00 (0.64) | 1.36 [1.22; 1.51] | <0.001 | 1.31 [1.18; 1.46] | <0.001 |
| Major depressive episodes | 0.82 (0.57) | 0.99 (0.65) | 1.32 [1.18; 1.47] | <0.001 | 1.26 [1.13; 1.41] | <0.001 |
| Dysthymia | 0.84 (0.57) | 1.26 (0.74) | 1.72 [1.45; 2.06] | <0.001 | 1.64 [1.37; 1.97] | <0.001 |
| Any substance use disorder** | 0.76 (0.52) | 0.90 (0.63) | 1.28 [1.15; 1.42] | <0.001 | 1.26 [1.14; 1.41] | <0.001 |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence | 0.82 (0.56) | 0.92 (0.64) | 1.18 [1.06; 1.32] | 0.004 | 1.15 [1.02; 1.30] | 0.019 |
| Nicotine dependence | 0.78 (0.55) | 0.97 (0.60) | 1.32 [1.19; 1.47] | <0.001 | 1.28 [1.14; 1.42] | <0.001 |
| Abuse/dependence of illicit drugs | 0.82 (0.56) | 1.07 (0.61) | 1.41 [1.25; 1.60] | <0.001 | 1.36 [1.19; 1.54] | <0.001 |
CE, coping efficacy; GAD, generalised anxiety disorder; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; weighted means and standard deviations.
Because for each incident disorder, respective baseline cases and cases with no follow-up assessment were excluded from the analyses, the number of participants for individual outcomes is smaller than N = 3017 and varies between N = 1823 for any disorder and N = 2756 for panic disorder.
Logistic regressions adjusted for sex and age.
Logistic regressions adjusted for sex, age and any other lifetime disorder prior to baseline.
Includes any anxiety, depressive and substance use disorder.
Includes panic disorder, agoraphobia, GAD and social phobia.
includes major depressive episodes and dysthymia.
Includes alcohol abuse/dependence, nicotine dependence and abuse/dependence of illicit drugs.