Table 2.
Cox regression analyses predicting time-to-treatmenta with any health care professionalb for DSM-IV disorders by disorder class and any disorder
| Any health care professionalb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mood disorders | Anxiety disorders | Behaviour disorders | Substance dependence | Any disorder | |
| HR (95 %CI) | HR (95 %CI) | HR (95 %CI) | HR (95 %CI) | HR (95 %CI) | |
| Male (ref = female) | 0.74 (0.51–1.06) | 0.90 (0.61–1.31) | 1.64 (0.97–2.77) | 0.96 (0.39–2.36) | 0.88 (0.69–1.13) |
| Ethnic minority (ref = majority) | 1.01 (0.61–1.69) | 0.50 (0.24–1.01) | 0.82 (0.29–2.27) | ‒c | 0.90 (0.59–1.36) |
| Low IQ (ref = high) | 1.46 (0.74–2.85) | 1.72 (0.88–3.39) | 1.52 (0.51–4.53) | 3.27 (0.58–18.43) | 1.37 (0.85–2.21) |
| Middle IQ (ref = high) | 1.29 (0.74–2.23) | 1.36 (0.77–2.40) | 1.73 (0.67–4.48) | 1.74 (0.37–8.20) | 1.31 (0.88–1.93) |
| Low parental SEP (ref = high) | 1.20 (0.74–1.94) | 1.08 (0.64–1.80) | 1.02 (0.53–1.98) | 1.31 (0.42–4.10) | 1.27 (0.91–1.77) |
| Middle parental SEP (ref = high) | 1.39 (0.94–2.06) | 1.04 (0.69–1.58) | 0.64 (0.34–1.18) | 1.30 (0.46–3.70) | 1.18 (0.90–1.57) |
| 0 or 1 biological parents (ref = both) | 0.97 (0.68–1.37) | 1.32 (0.93–1.88) | 1.03 (0.61–1.75) | 0.94 (0.36–2.45) | 1.28* (1.00–1.62) |
| Severe disorder (ref = mild)d | 1.73*** (1.26–2.36) | 1.94*** (1.33–2.85) | 1.98** (1.19–3.29) | ‒d | 1.57*** (1.22–2.03) |
| Age at onset 1–5 (ref = 16–20) | ‒e | 0.15*** (0.07–0.32) | 0.67 (0.35–1.30) | ‒c | 0.20*** (0.12–0.32) |
| Age at onset 6–10 (ref = 16–20) | 0.38** (0.20–0.73) | 0.23*** (0.11–0.47) | 0.41** (0.21–0.80) | ‒f | 0.26*** (0.17–0.42) |
| Age at onset 11–15 (ref = 16–20) | 0.79 (0.55–1.13) | 0.48* (0.24–0.93) | ‒g | 1.78 (0.73–4.32) | 0.58** (0.39–0.87) |
| Co-morbid mood disorder (ref = no)h | ‒i | 2.79*** (1.90–4.09) | 1.82 (0.93–3.56) | 2.43 (0.98–6.03) | 3.09*** (2.35–4.06) |
| Co-morbid anxiety disorder (ref = no)h | 1.01 (0.73–1.39) | ‒i | 0.88 (0.53–1.49) | 2.43 (0.98–6.03) | 1.09 (0.83–1.42) |
| Co-morbid behavior disorder (ref = no)h | 0.85 (0.57–1.29) | 1.49 (0.98–2.25) | ‒i | 0.60 (0.22–1.60) | 1.49** (1.11–2.01) |
| Co-morbid substance dependence (ref = no)h | 1.91* (1.12–3.27) | 0.81 (0.38–1.73) | 1.04 (0.35–3.09) | ‒i | 1.06 (0.65–1.73) |
| Chi-square | 36.3 (13)*** | 125.9 (14)*** | 24.9 (13)* | 14.9 (10) | 276.2 (15)*** |
| n events | 172 | 145 | 72 | 23 | 314 |
| n censored | 96 | 284 | 93 | 86 | 347 |
| n total | 268 | 429 | 165 | 109 | 661 |
DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition; HR, Hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; IQ, intelligence quotient; SEP, socio-economic position.
Time-to-treatment for disorders with initial treatment contact after initial symptoms and before the year of onset of the respective full-blown disorder set to 0.
Lifetime treatment contact and age of initial treatment contact for any health care professional based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
Covariate excluded due to insufficient cases.
All substance dependence diagnoses were considered severe.
Combined with age of onset 6–10 years due to insufficient cases.
Combined with age of onset 11–15 years due to insufficient cases.
Combined with age of onset 16–20 years (reference category) due to insufficient cases in the reference category.
Time-dependent covariate.
Disorder class is the dependent variable.
*p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 ***p < 0.001.