Figure 1.

Mitochondrial genome organization of afrobatrachians and other anurans. The mitochondrial (mt) genome organization of Breviceps mossambicus and B. poweri determined in this study is compared with that of other afrobatrachians, neobatrachians, and vertebrates reported in previous studies (^aKurabayashi and Sumida [23] and ^bZhang et al. [16]). Genes, pseudogenes, control regions (CRs), and light-strand replication origins (O_L) are shown in boxes. The heavy- and light-strand encoded genes are denoted above and below each gene box, respectively. The boxes do not reflect the actual sizes of the genes and CRs. The single-letter amino acid codes designate the corresponding transfer RNA genes (trns). L1, L2, S1, and S2 indicate trns for Leu (UUR), Leu (CUN), Ser (UCN), and Ser (AGY), respectively. “ψ” shows a pseudogene. Other gene abbreviations are as follows. 12S and 16S: 12S and 16S ribosomal RNAs; CO1–3: cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1–3; Cytb: cytochrome apoenzyme b; ND1–6 and 4L: NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1–6 and 4L. The genes, pseudogenes, O_L, and CRs with duplications and/or rearrangements in afrobatrachians are colored. “Copy” with number shows the duplicated regions within a species. Closed arrows between species indicate the rearranged genes and the presumed evolutionary direction of the translocations. The photos of afrobatrachian species are also provided (excluding Callulina kreffti).