Table 2.
Perioperative data of patients without and with delirium
| Variables | Total (n = 249) |
No delirium (n = 220) |
Delirium (n = 29) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of surgery, n (%) | 0.606 | |||
| Vascular | 10 (4.0) | 8 (3.6) | 2 (6.9) | |
| Urological | 26 (10.4) | 24 (10.9) | 2 (6.9) | |
| General | 94 (37.8) | 85 (38.6) | 9 (31.0) | |
| Orthopedic | 119 (47.8) | 103 (46.8) | 16 (55.2) | |
| Urgent surgery, n (%) | 38 (15.3) | 30 (13.6) | 8 (27.6) | 0.058 |
| Operative time (min), mean ± SD | 115.3 ± 70.0 | 115.3 ± 68.9 | 115.3 ± 79.0 | 0.997 |
| Type of anesthesia, n (%) | 0.659 | |||
| General | 142 (57.0) | 126 (57.3) | 16 (55.2) | |
| Regional | 85 (34.1) | 76 (34.5) | 9 (31.0) | |
| Combined | 22 (8.8) | 18 (8.2) | 4 (13.8) | |
| Intraoperative benzodiazepines, n (%) | 55 (22.1) | 50 (22.7) | 5 (17.2) | 0.637 |
| Intraoperative anticholinergics, n (%) | 143 (57.4) | 128 (58.2) | 15 (51.7) | 0.552 |
| Intraoperative hypotension, n (%) | 127 (51.0) | 108 (49.1) | 19 (65.5) | 0.115 |
| Intraoperative hypoxemia, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| Intraoperative blood loss (mL), median (IQR) | 50 (20–200) | 50 (20–175) | 100 (30–250) | 0.143 |
| Intraoperative blood transfusion, n (%) | 19 (7.6) | 15 (6.8) | 4 (13.8) | 0.252 |
| Postoperative pain intensitya, n (%) | 0.142 | |||
| No pain | 32 (12.9) | 28 (12.7) | 4 (13.8) | |
| Mild pain (NRS = 1–3) | 96 (38.6) | 88 (40.0) | 8 (27.6) | |
| Moderate pain (NRS = 4–6) | 86 (34.5) | 77 (35.0) | 9 (31.0) | |
| Severe pain (NRS = 7–10) | 35 (14.1) | 27 (12.3) | 8 (27.6) | |
| Abnormal laboratory values, n (%) | ||||
| Preoperative hematocrit < 30% | 35 (14.1) | 27 (12.3) | 8 (27.6) | 0.042 |
|
Preoperative sodium <135 or > 145 mEq/L |
24 (9.6) | 20 (9.1) | 4 (13.8) | 0.498 |
| Preoperative BUN/Cr ratio > 20 | 62 (24.9) | 53 (24.1) | 9 (31.0) | 0.493 |
| Length of stay (days), median (IQR) | 7 (2–76) | 6 (2–76) | 10 (3–36) | < 0.001 |
| Length of stay > 7 days, n (%) | 103 (41.4) | 78 (35.5) | 25 (86.2) | < 0.001 |
A p-value < 0.05 indicates statistical significance
Abbreviations: SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, BUN/Cr blood urea nitrogen/creatinine
aMaximum pain score using numeric rating scale (NRS) was measured on the first postoperative day