Table 3.
Seclusion cohort: sample characteristics and association with seclusion status in multivariable analyses
| Risk factor | Seclusion cases (n = 990) | Seclusion controls (n = 1032) | OR (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age: n (%) | ||||
| <25 years | 323 (32) | 219 (21) | 3.30 (1.85–5.90) | <0.001 |
| 25–34 years | 347 (35) | 366 (35) | 1.92 (1.12–3.28) | 0.017 |
| 35–44 years | 185 (19) | 216 (21) | 2.06 (1.15–3.69) | 0.015 |
| ≥45 years | 135 (14) | 231 (22) (ref) | – | – |
| Female sex: n (%) | 354 (36) | 203 (20) | 2.07 (1.35–3.17) | 0.001 |
| Ethnicity: n (%) | ||||
| White | 199 (20) | 253 (24) (ref) | – | – |
| Black African/Caribbean | 690 (70) | 657 (64) | 1.13 (0.71–1.79) | 0.609 |
| Other | 101 (10) | 122 (12) | 0.71 (0.34–1.46) | 0.347 |
| Diagnosis: n (%) | ||||
| Schizophrenia | 323 (33) | 435 (42) (ref) | – | – |
| Other psychotic | 273 (28) | 262 (25) | 0.78 (0.50–1.23) | 0.287 |
| Bipolar disorder | 283 (28) | 217 (21) | 1.14 (0.70–1.86) | 0.590 |
| Personality disorder | 24 (2) | 18 (2) | 1.44 (0.42–4.94) | 0.563 |
| Other diagnosis | 87 (9) | 100 (10) | 1.14 (0.59–2.23) | 0.696 |
| Admission status: n (%) | ||||
| Informal | 44 (4) | 119 (12) (ref) | – | – |
| Civil section | 417 (42) | 170 (16) | 2.29 (1.13–4.68) | 0.022 |
| Section 3/forensic | 529 (53) | 743 (72) | 1.34 (0.69–2.62) | 0.387 |
| Time since admission: n (%) | ||||
| ≤7 days | 395 (40) | 98 (10) (ref) | – | – |
| 8–21 days | 235 (24) | 215 (21) | 0.24 (0.15–0.39) | <0.001 |
| 22–60 days | 204 (21) | 380 (37) | 0.18 (0.11–0.31) | <0.001 |
| >60 days | 150 (16) | 339 (33) | 0.26 (0.15–0.45) | <0.001 |
| Behavioural precursors: n (%) | ||||
| Abus* | 570 (58) | 231 (22) | 1.37 (0.94–1.98) | 0.100 |
| Aggress* | 654 (66) | 192 (19) | 1.85 (1.30–2.64) | 0.001 |
| Agitat* | 714 (72) | 286 (28) | 1.99 (1.42–2.78) | <0.001 |
| Arous* | 472 (48) | 124 (12) | 1.87 (1.29–2.71) | 0.001 |
| Assault* | 229 (23) | 25 (2) | 3.31 (1.81–6.06) | <0.001 |
| Demand* | 531 (54) | 276 (27) | 1.24 (0.89–1.72) | 0.212 |
| Hit* | 266 (27) | 41 (4) | 1.98 (1.17–3.35) | 0.011 |
| Restrain* | 554 (56) | 67 (6) | 6.54 (4.36–9.81) | <0.001 |
| Shout* | 573 (58) | 217 (21) | 3.75 (2.58–5.43) | <0.001 |
| Threat* | 689 (70) | 190 (18) | 1.53 (0.98–2.37) | 0.060 |
| Threw/throw* | 328 (33) | 77 (7) | 1.17 (0.82–1.66) | 0.385 |
| Violen* | 247 (25) | 28 (3) | 2.09 (1.17–3.73) | 0.012 |
MHA, Mental Health Act; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
*Indicates wildcard, used to identify words with 0 or more characters in that position.
Patient ID included as a random effect in order to account for clustering at the patient level. Results significant at the 0.05 level indicated in bold.