Table 2.

Perceived harms by group and type of restraint and seclusion

Perceived harms (valid N, %)	Consumers n (%)	Carers n (%)	Professionals n (%)	Total N (%)	p-value
Physical restraint
Often/always infringes on human rights (N = 784, 68.2%)	330 (91.7%)	190 (88.8%)	178 (84.8%)	698 (89.0%)	0.039
Often/always traumatises or triggers past trauma (N = 813, 70.7%)	343 (91.2%)	187 (86.6%)	191 (86.4%)	721 (88.7%)	0.106
Often/always compromises therapeutic trust (N = 780, 67.8%)	322 (89.2%)	179 (85.2%)	166 (79.4%)	667 (85.5%)	0.006
Mechanical restraint
Often/always infringes on human rights (N = 743, 64.6%)	308 (92.2%)	186 (89.9%)	176 (87.1%)	670 (90.2%)	0.156
Often/always compromises therapeutic trust (N = 744, 64.2%)	311 (91.7%)	180 (89.1%)	170 (83.7%)	661 (88.8%)	0.016
Often/always traumatises or triggers past trauma (N = 770, 66.9%)	313 (88.9%)	179 (86.9%)	182 (85.9%)	674 (87.5%)	0.536
Chemical restraint
Often/always infringes on human rights (N = 771, 67.0%)	305 (86.4%)	162 (76.8%)	147 (71.0%)	614 (79.6%)	<0.001
Often/always compromises therapeutic trust (N = 771, 67.0%)	295 (82.9%)	148 (72.2%)	130 (61.9%)	573 (74.3%)	<0.001
Often/always traumatises or triggers past trauma (N = 791, 68.8%)	251 (69.0%)	130 (61.9%)	107 (49.3%)	488 (61.7%)	<0.001
Emotional restraint
Often/always infringes on human rights (N = 720, 62.6%)	305 (91.0%)	174 (88.8%)	156 (82.5%)	635 (88.2%)	0.014
Often/always compromises therapeutic trust (N = 722, 62.8%)	307 (91.6%)	171 (86.8%)	151 (79.5%)	629 (87.1%)	<0.001
Often/always traumatises or triggers past trauma (N = 750, 65.2%)	320 (91.4%)	169 (85.3%)	148 (73.3%)	637 (84.9%)	<0.001
Seclusion
Often/always infringes on human rights (N = 775, 67.4%)	323 (91.8%)	183 (85.9%)	173 (82.4%)	679 (87.6%)	0.003
Often/always traumatises or triggers past trauma (N = 803, 69.9%)	325 (88.3%)	179 (82.5%)	180 (82.6%)	684 (85.2%)	0.071
Often/always compromises therapeutic trust (N = 771, 67.0%)	313 (89.7%)	168 (80.0%)	165 (77.8%)	646 (83.8%)	<0.001