Table 2.
Lifetime prevalence (%) of each time of police-public encounter within specified demographic groups, with bivariate statistics assessing for differences in each type of police-public encounter by each demographic variable
| PPI Domains of Police–Public Encounters (lifetime exposure, %) | EPPS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Physical | Physical w/weapon | Sexual | Psychological | Neglect | Total scorea | |
| Gender | χ2(2,1615) = 2.70, p = 0.259 | χ2(2,1615) = 31.44, p < 0.001 | χ2(2,1611) = 26.36, p < 0.001 | χ2(2,1608) = 13.35, p = 0.001 | χ2(2,1608) = 27.02, p < 0.001 | χ2(2,1614) = 3.69, p = 0.158 | F(2,1545) = 7.18, p = 0.001 |
| Male | 49.0 | 9.8 | 6.0 | 3.7 | 24.3 | 21.0 | 5.46 (5.59) |
| Female | 46.6 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 14.4 | 17.2 | 5.23 (5.39) |
| Trans or otherb | 27.3 | 18.2 | 9.1 | 18.2 | 36.4 | 18.2 | 11.45 (6.22) |
| Age group | χ2(3,1615) = 21.21, p < 0.001 | χ2(3,1613) = 13.08, p = 0.004 | χ2(3,1611) = 7.77, p = 0.05 | χ2(3,1608) = 9.81, p = 0.02 | χ2(3,1608) = 13.14, p = 0.004 | χ2(3,1614) = 21.91, p < 0.001 | F(3,1544) = 13.93, p < 0.001 |
| 18–24 | 36.2 | 4.7 | 2.9 | 4.4 | 17.5 | 17.8 | 6.25 (5.85) |
| 25–44 | 51.6 | 8.4 | 4.6 | 3.6 | 21.8 | 22.9 | 5.91 (5.69) |
| 45–64 | 48.6 | 3.9 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 16.4 | 15.2 | 4.39 (4.97) |
| 65+ | 41.3 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 9.2 | 7.4 | 3.43 (4.17) |
| Race | χ2(3,1615) = 23.12, p < 0.001 | χ2(3,1613) = 23.82, p < 0.001 | χ2(3,1611) = 8.47, p = 0.037 | χ2(3,1608) = 11.00, p = 0.012 | χ2(3,1608)26.87, p < 0.001 | χ2(3,1614) = 22.48, p < 0.001 | F(3,1544) = 48.50, p < 0.001 |
| White, non-Latino | 49.9 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 15.2 | 15.9 | 3.92 (4.65) |
| Black, non-Latino | 43.7 | 8.0 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 22.6 | 20.2 | 7.42 (5.80) |
| Latino | 54.9 | 12.0 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 28.8 | 30.4 | 6.81 (6.20) |
| Other | 28.0 | 8.6 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 12.0 | 15.1 | 5.59 (5.78) |
| Sexual orientation | χ2(3,1609) = 6.46, p = 0.091 | χ2(3,1607) = 3.42, p = 0.331 | χ2(3,1605) = 2.56, p = 0.465 | χ2(3,1602)13.43, p = 0.004 | χ2(3,1602) = 6.91, p = 0.075 | χ2(3,1608) = 4.55, p = 0.208 | F(3,1540) = 4.33, p = 0.005 |
| Hetero/straight | 47.5 | 5.8 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 17.9 | 18.2 | 5.21 (5.45) |
| Homo/G/L | 50.0 | 9.1 | 6.1 | 4.6 | 21.2 | 18.5 | 5.65 (5.15) |
| Bisexual | 50.0 | 9.8 | 4.4 | 8.7 | 28.3 | 27.2 | 7.10 (5.95) |
| Not specified | 20.0 | 5.0 | 0 | 5.0 | 25.0 | 20.0 | 7.44 (6.63) |
| Income | χ2(5,1606) = 14.10, p = 0.015 | χ2(5,1604) = 1.60, p = 0.902 | χ2(5,1602) = 7.62, p = 0.178 | χ2(5,1599) = 16.38, p = 0.006 | χ2(5,1599) = 13.27, p = 0.021 | χ2(5,1599) = 4.94, p = 0.423 | F(5,1533) = 9.39, p < 0.001 |
| < 20 000 | 37.4 | 7.4 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 16.1 | 20.2 | 6.85 (6.42) |
| 20 000–39 999 | 44.9 | 6.6 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 20.1 | 21.7 | 6.18 (5.59) |
| 40 000–59 999 | 46.2 | 6.7 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 24.6 | 19.6 | 5.93 (5.39) |
| 60 000–79 999 | 47.0 | 6.4 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 16.8 | 16.4 | 4.81 (5.09) |
| 80 000–99 999 | 52.3 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 21.0 | 20.5 | 5.62 (5.48) |
| >100 000 | 53.1 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 2.7 | 14.7 | 16.2 | 4.00 (5.10) |
| Education | χ2(4,1609) = 16.95, p = 0.002 | χ2(4,1607) = 4.92, p = 0.296 | χ2(4,1606) = 6.11, p = 0.191 | χ2(4,1602) = 2.82, p = 0.588 | χ2(4,1602) = 9.81, p = 0.044 | χ2(4,1608) = 13.56, p = 0.009 | F(4,1537) = 11.72, p < 0.001 |
| < High School | 36.1 | 11.4 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 28.6 | 38.9 | 10.20 (6.49) |
| High school/GED | 37.5 | 6.5 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 16.5 | 17.7 | 5.56 (5.22) |
| Some college/tech | 46.7 | 6.4 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 21.3 | 20.8 | 5.80 (5.62) |
| College graduate | 49.8 | 6.7 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 19.3 | 18.4 | 5.31 (5.58) |
| Grad/professional | 53.6 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 3.4 | 13.8 | 15.1 | 4.06 (4.81) |
| Foreign-born | χ2(1,1604) = 4.25, p = 0.039 | χ2(1,1602) = 0.87, p = 0.35 | χ2(1,1600) = 0.04, p = 0.852 | χ2(1,1597) = 0.00, p = 0.98 | χ2(1,1597) = 5.04, p = 0.025 | χ2(1,1603) = 7.29, p = 0.007 | F(1,1535) = 0.26, p = 0.611 |
| Yes | 39.1 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 11.6 | 10.1 | 5.37 (5.49) |
| No | 48.3 | 6.4 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 19.4 | 19.5 | 5.11 (5.63) |
| City | χ2(3,1615) = 5.08, p = 0.166 | χ2(3,1613) = 7.21, p = 0.066 | χ2(3,1611) = 5.53, p = 0.137 | χ2(3,1608) = 3.43, p = 0.330 | χ2(3,1608) = 1.27, p = 0.736 | χ2(3,1614) = 4.37, p = 0.224 | F(3,1544) = 1.51, p = 0.209 |
| Baltimore | 41.2 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 17.4 | 17.3 | 5.36 (5.52) |
| NYC | 48.4 | 7.9 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 19.9 | 19.4 | 5.71 (5.66) |
| Philadelphia | 47.1 | 5.6 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 17.6 | 20.9 | 5.00 (5.38) |
| Washington D.C. | 50.7 | 5.7 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 18.6 | 15.2 | 5.22 (5.31) |
| Crime involvementc | χ2(1,1604) = 33.81, p < 0.001 | χ2(1,1602) = 89.14, p < 0.001 | χ2(1,1600) = 40.76, p < 0.001 | χ2(1,1597) = 12.63, p < 0.001 | χ2(1,1597) = 78.10, p < 0.001 | χ2(1,1604) = 50.76, p < 0.001 | F(1,1539) = 59.57, p < 0.001 |
| Yes | 62.5 | 17.8 | 9.2 | 6.0 | 36.5 | 33.2 | 7.53 (5.97) |
| No | 44.0 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 14.5 | 15.5 | 4.84 (5.25) |
a
Numerical values in the EPPS column refer to the mean (s.d.) total score, by demographic group.
b
Reliability of analyses including the ‘trans or other’ attribute may be limited by cell sizes.
c
Although not a demographic variable, crime involvement is included here as a potential confounder that may be associated with both police encounters and psychological outcomes.