Table 1.
General characteristics and CES-D10 scores of the study population at baseline (2006)
| Variables | N (%) (Total = 5832) | CES-D10 scores, mean (±s.d.) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hearing | |||
| Good | 5522 (94.7) | 1.4 (±1.0) | <0.001 |
| Poor | 310 (5.3) | 1.6 (±1.0) | |
| Vision | |||
| Good | 4717 (80.9) | 1.4 (±1.0) | <0.001 |
| Poor | 1115 (19.1) | 1.5 (±1.0) | |
| Hearing aid use | |||
| No | 5639 (96.7) | 1.4 (±1.0) | 0.004 |
| Yes | 193 (3.3) | 1.6 (±0.9) | |
| Spectacles use | |||
| No | 4393 (75.3) | 1.4 (±1.0) | 0.949 |
| Yes | 1439 (24.7) | 1.4 (±1.0) | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 2786 (47.8) | 1.4 (±1.0) | 0.001 |
| Female | 3046 (52.2) | 1.4 (±1.0) | |
| Age (years) | |||
| 45–64 | 3897 (66.8) | 1.3 (±1.0) | <0.001 |
| ⩾65 | 1935 (33.2) | 1.5 (±1.0) | |
| Education (years) | |||
| >12 | 2580 (44.2) | 1.3 (±1.0) | <0.001 |
| 6–12 | 995 (17.1) | 1.4 (±1.0) | |
| ⩽6 | 2254 (38.6) | 1.5 (±1.0) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 4949 (84.9) | 1.4 (±1.0) | <0.001 |
| Divorced or widowed | 854 (14.6) | 1.6 (±1.0) | |
| Single | 29 (0.5) | 1.3 (±1.0) | |
| Economic activity | |||
| Employed | 2652 (45.5) | 1.3 (±1.0) | <0.001 |
| Unemployed | 3180 (54.5) | 1.5 (±1.0) | |
| Household income | |||
| First quartile (high) | 1208 (20.7) | 1.3 (±1.0) | <0.001 |
| Second quartile | 1774 (30.4) | 1.4 (±1.0) | |
| Third quartile | 1330 (22.8) | 1.4 (±1.0) | |
| Fourth quartile (low) | 1147 (19.7) | 1.6 (±0.9) | |
| Social isolation | |||
| Not isolated | 5025 (86.2) | 1.4 (±1.0) | 0.003 |
| Isolated | 807 (13.8) | 1.3 (±1.1) | |
| Regular exercise | |||
| 0/week | 3330 (57.1) | 1.5 (±1.0) | <0.001 |
| 1–3/week | 1016 (17.4) | 1.3 (±1.0) | |
| 4–7/week | 1478 (25.3) | 1.3 (±1.0) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| 18.5–23 | 2444 (41.9) | 1.4 (±1.0) | 0.007 |
| ⩾23 | 3107 (53.3) | 1.4 (±1.0) | |
| ⩽18.5 | 188 (3.2) | 1.6 (±1.0) | |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | 4085 (70.0) | 1.4 (±1.0) | 0.017 |
| Former smoker | 590 (10.1) | 1.4 (±1.0) | |
| Current smoker | 1156 (19.8) | 1.3 (±1.0) | |
| Alcohol use | |||
| Never | 3080 (52.8) | 1.4 (±1.0) | 0.001 |
| Former user | 314 (5.4) | 1.5 (±1.0) | |
| Current user | 2438 (41.8) | 1.4 (±1.0) | |
| Hypertension | |||
| Yes | 1410 (24.2) | 1.5 (±1.0) | <0.001 |
| No | 4422 (75.8) | 1.4 (±1.0) | |
| Diabetes | |||
| Yes | 578 (9.9) | 1.5 (±1.0) | 0.035 |
| No | 5254 (90.1) | 1.4 (±1.0) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | |||
| Yes | 95 (1.6) | 1.6 (±1.0) | 0.015 |
| No | 5724 (98.1) | 1.4 (±1.0) | |
| Cancer | |||
| Yes | 100 (1.7) | 1.5 (±1.0) | 0.352 |
| No | 5732 (98.3) | 1.4 (±1.0) | |
| Arthritis | |||
| Yes | 684 (11.7) | 1.6 (±1.0) | <0.001 |
| No | 5148 (88.3) | 1.4 (±1.0) | |
| Self-rated health | |||
| Good | 4758 (81.6) | 1.3 (±1.0) | <0.001 |
| Poor | 1074 (18.4) | 1.7 (±1.0) | |
| MMSE | |||
| Normal | 4778 (81.9) | 1.3 (±1.0) | <0.001 |
| Mild cognitive impairment | 707 (12.1) | 1.6 (±0.9) | |
| Moderate-to-severe cognitive impairment | 268 (4.6) | 1.8 (±1.0) | |
BMI, body mass index; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; CES-D10, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale – ten items; s.d., standard deviation.