Table 4.

Results of generalised estimating equation for interaction between hearing and vision change

	Change of vision
	Good → good			Good → poor			Poor → good			Poor → poor
Change of hearing	β	s.e.	p-value	β	s.e.	p-value	β	s.e.	p-value	β	s.e.	p-value
Total (n = 5832)
Good → good	Ref.			0.257	0.061	<0.001	−0.041	0.059	0.491	0.261	0.089	0.003
Good → poor	0.548	0.134	<0.001	0.768	0.197	<0.001	0.259	0.269	0.336	0.440	0.208	0.034
Poor → good	−0.075	0.148	0.614	0.000	0.284	1.000	0.429	0.239	0.073	0.396	0.211	0.060
Poor → poor	−0.321	0.243	0.188	0.184	0.315	0.559	−0.165	0.347	0.634	1.038	0.277	<0.001
Males (n = 2786)
Good → good	Ref.			0.061	0.088	0.493	0.038	0.088	0.662	0.129	0.144	0.372
Good → poor	0.422	0.171	0.014	0.720	0.267	0.007	0.268	0.351	0.446	0.526	0.306	0.086
Poor → good	−0.200	0.174	0.251	0.277	0.398	0.488	0.419	0.319	0.189	0.301	0.341	0.377
Poor → poor	−0.415	0.297	0.162	0.322	0.403	0.424	−0.412	0.435	0.345	0.713	0.334	0.033
Females (n = 3046)
Good → good				0.402	0.085	<0.001	−0.090	0.080	0.263	0.341	0.112	0.002
Good → poor	0.718	0.212	<0.001	0.801	0.290	0.006	0.228	0.410	0.579	0.382	0.282	0.176
Poor → good	0.132	0.259	0.610	−0.298	0.392	0.447	0.446	0.355	0.209	0.505	0.265	0.056
Poor → poor	−0.047	0.430	0.913	−0.049	0.486	0.920	0.216	0.572	0.706	1.346	0.410	0.001
Middle age (45–64, n = 3897)
Good → good	Ref.			0.212	0.086	0.014	−0.083	0.081	0.309	0.269	0.136	0.048
Good → poor	0.826	0.236	<0.001	0.952	0.412	0.021	2.097	0.670	0.002	0.527	0.404	0.191
Poor → good	0.016	0.247	0.949	−0.121	0.418	0.773	1.255	0.487	0.010	−0.372	0.547	0.497
Poor → poor	−0.392	0.465	0.399	−0.711	1.758	0.686	−0.467	1.206	0.699	−0.881	0.896	0.325
Old age (⩾65, n = 1935)
Good → good	Ref.			0.339	0.090	<0.001	0.003	0.087	0.977	0.258	0.117	0.027
Good → poor	0.476	0.164	0.004	0.692	0.222	0.002	−0.036	0.286	0.899	0.460	0.227	0.043
Poor → good	−0.149	0.192	0.435	0.009	0.341	0.978	0.185	0.270	0.493	0.453	0.226	0.045
Poor → poor	−0.300	0.274	0.274	0.136	0.324	0.674	−0.204	0.362	0.574	1.176	0.286	<0.001

β, estimated coefficient; s.e., standard error; Ref., reference.

The effects of interactions between change in hearing and vision on depressive symptoms were analysed after adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic and health-related factors as potential confounders.