Table 3.
Associations between maternal mental disorders and children's ADHD-H and ADHD-I scores at 4 years of age (n = 3634)
| Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % difference in number of symptoms (95% CI)a | % difference in number of symptoms (95% CI)a | % difference in number of symptoms (95% CI)a | ||||
| ADHD-H | ||||||
| Anxiety | ||||||
| Never | 0 | (Ref) | 0 | (Ref) | 0 | (Ref) |
| Lifetime diagnosis | 16.8 | (8.0–26.2) | 14.6 | (6.1–23.8) | 13.5 | (4.8–22.8) |
| Pre-pregnancy | 2.3 | (−11.1–17.7) | 0.7 | (−12.4–15.6) | 1.2 | (−12.0–16.4) |
| During pregnancy | 23.2 | (12.5–34.9) | 20.9 | (10.4–33.3) | 19.2 | (8.6–31.0) |
| Sleep disorder | ||||||
| Never | 0 | (Ref) | 0 | (Ref) | 0 | (Ref) |
| Lifetime diagnosis | 30.3 | (9.3–55.4) | 32.1 | (10.7–57.6) | 29.8 | (8.1–55.9) |
| Pre-pregnancy | 11.0 | (−18.1–50.4) | 11.9 | (−17.0–50.8) | 12.6 | (−17.2–53.0) |
| During pregnancy | 41.2 | (13.9–75.1) | 44.2 | (16.0–79.2) | 40.3 | (11.8–76.1) |
| Depression | ||||||
| Never | 0 | (Ref) | 0 | (Ref) | 0 | (Ref) |
| Lifetime diagnosis | 15.1 | (2.6–29.1) | 12.8 | (0.6–26.5) | 11.9 | (−0.5–25.8) |
| Pre-pregnancy | 15.3 | (−1.7–35.3) | 11.3 | (−5.2–30.7) | 10.5 | (−6.0–30.0) |
| During pregnancy | 14.8 | (−2.3–35.0) | 14.3 | (−2.7–34.1) | 13.4 | (−4.0–33.9) |
| ADHD-I | ||||||
| Anxiety | ||||||
| Never | 0 | (Ref) | 0 | (Ref) | 0 | (Ref) |
| Lifetime diagnosis | 12.9 | (5.4–20.9) | 11.8 | (4.5–19.6) | 11.3 | (3.8–19.3) |
| Pre-pregnancy | 8.3 | (−4.3–22.6) | 8.0 | (−4.4–22.0) | 8.7 | (−3.9–23.0) |
| During pregnancy | 14.8 | (5.9–24.3) | 13.4 | (4.7–22.7) | 12.4 | (3.5–22.1) |
| Sleep disorder | ||||||
| Never | 0 | (Ref) | 0 | (Ref) | 0 | (Ref) |
| Lifetime diagnosis | 15.9 | (−0.4–34.9) | 18.5 | (1.9–37.9) | 15.4 | (−1.5–35.1) |
| Pre-pregnancy | 6.5 | (−18.6–39.3) | 5.5 | (−18.9–37.2) | 3.6 | (−20.9–35.6) |
| During pregnancy | 20.6 | (0.4–44.8) | 25.5 | (4.4–50.9) | 22.0 | (0.5–48.1) |
| Depression | ||||||
| Never | 0 | (Ref) | 0 | (Ref) | 0 | (Ref) |
| Lifetime diagnosis | 11.8 | (1.0–23.8) | 11.9 | (1.2–23.8) | 10.0 | (−0.8–22.0) |
| Pre-pregnancy | 11.7 | (−3.1–28.7) | 10.5 | (−4.1–27.4) | 8.7 | (−5.8–25.5) |
| During pregnancy | 11.9 | (−3.0–29.1) | 13.3 | (−1.6–30.5) | 11.4 | (−3.8–29.0) |
CI, confidence interval, Model 1: Adjusted for maternal age and education, child gender and first-born status, Model 2: Adjusted as Model 1 and additionally adjusted for maternal smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy; ADHD-H, ADHD hyperactive–impulsive score; ADHD-I, ADHD inattentive score.
a
Negative values indicate a relative decrease in the number of ADHD sub-scale symptoms.