Table 5.
Natural direct and indirect effects of socioeconomic indicators on depression and of depression on incomea
| Socioeconomic variable | Mediator(s) | Outcome | Direct effect | Indirect effect | Total effect | Covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | ||||
| Xhosa v. Afrikaans | Income (baseline) | Depression (baseline) | −0.42 (−1.17to 0.29) | 0.08 (0.02 to 0.14) | −0.34 (−1.09 to 0.36) | a |
| Xhosa v. Afrikaans | Education | Depression (baseline) | −0.53 (−1.29 to 0.20) | 0.15 (0.01 to 0.30) | −0.38 (−1.11 to 0.39) | a |
| English v. Afrikaans | Education | Depression (baseline) | 0.03 (−0.71 to 0.73) | −0.11 (−0.19 to −0.03) | −0.08 (−0.83 to 0.65) | a |
| English v. Afrikaans | Education | Depression (change) | 1.93 (1.07 to 2.75) | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.001) | 1.89 (1.02 to 2.73) | b |
| English v. Afrikaans | Income changef | Depression (change) | 1.84 (0.98 to 2.66) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.13) | 1.90 (1.03 to 2.72) | b |
| Education (High v. low) | Income (baseline) | Depression (baseline) | −1.17 (−1.61 to −0.76) | −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.03) | −1.24 (−1.68 to −0.81) | c |
| Unemployed at baseline | Income (baseline) | Depression (baseline) | 0.24 (−0.32 to 0.81) | 0.30 (0.14 to 0.45) | 0.53 (−0.001 to 1.03) | d |
| Job loss | Income change f | Depression (change) | −0.032 (−0.83 to 0.78) | 0.17 (0.05 to 0.31) | 0.14 (−0.64 to 0.90) | e |
| Depression (baseline) | Job loss | Income change f | 0.10 (0.01 to 0.18) | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.004) | 0.08 (0.01 to 0.16) | e |
Adjusted for: age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, depression drugs at baseline (therapeutic dose).
Adjusted for: age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, depression drugs at baseline (therapeutic dose), trial arm.
Adjusted for: age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, depression drugs at baseline (therapeutic dose), English, Xhosa.
Adjusted for: age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, depression drugs at baseline (therapeutic dose), English, Xhosa, education.
Adjusted for: age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, depression drugs at baseline (therapeutic dose), English, Xhosa, education, trial arm.
Income change between baseline and follow-up in R1000s.