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. 2017 May 2;27(5):433–462. doi: 10.1017/S2045796017000178

Table 1.

Study characteristics

Measurement tools Response options Population Age Sample Country Content
  • 1.

    Self-reported prejudiced attitudes (SRPA) (Andersson et al. 2010)

 9 4-point scaled items Upper secondary schools 16–19 4046 Norway A
  • 2.

    Personal attributes (PR) (Angermeyer, Matschinger, 2003)

 8 5-point scaled items Community members ≥18 5025 German A
  • 3.

    Labelling (Angermeyer & Matschinger, 2003)

 Open-ended questions for a vignette Community members ≥18 5025 German A
  • 4.

    Peer Mental Health Stigmatization scale (PMHSS) (McKeague et al. 2015)

 24 5-point scaled items Children and adolescents in schools M = 12.99 ± 1.6 562 Ireland A
  • 5.

    Knowledge Test of Mental Illness (KT) (Michaels & Corrigan, 2013)

 14 items with numerical or true/false responses College students, community members, mental health providers and consumers M = 21.6 ± 3.2; 33.1 ± 7.4; 45.5 ± 11.4; 45.4 ± 11.2 35; 203; 133; 74 US A
  • 6.

    Day's Mental Illness scale (DMIS) (Day et al. 2007)

 28 7-point scaled items College students, community members and people with mental illness M = 24.84; 18.60; 45 341; 42; 20 US A
  • 7.

    EMIC [45] (Chowdhury et al. 2000)

 13 4-point scaled items Laypersons and health care providers ? 38 India A
  • 8.

    Employer Attitudes towards Mental Illness questionnaire (EAQ) (Diksa & Rogers, 1996)

 38 5-point scaled items Employers ? 373 US A
  • 9.

    Attitudes of Nursing Staff towards Co-Workers Returning from Psychiatric and Physical Illnesses (ANCW) (Glozier et al. 2006)

 12 4-point scaled items Nursing staff M = 35.6–38.6 117 UK A
  • 10.

    Depression Stigma scale (DSS)/PPSS (Griffiths et al. 2004)

 18 5-point scaled items Community members M = 36.4 ± 9.4 525 Australia A
  DSS (Griffiths et al. 2008) 18 5-point scaled items Community members Median = 45–49; M = 35.9 ± 9.2; 35.3 ± 8.76 1001; 5572; 487 Australia A
  • 11.

    DSS revised (Gulliver et al. 2012)

 9 5-point scaled items Elite athletes M = 25.5 59 Australia A
  • 12.

    Generalized Anxiety Stigma scale (GASS) (Griffiths et al. 2011)

 20 5-point scaled items General public M = 46.6 ± 13.25 617; 212 Australia A
  • 13.

    GASS (Gulliver et al. 2012)

 10 5-point scaled items Elite athletes M = 25.5 59 Australia A
  • 14.

    Test of Knowledge About ADHD (KADD) (Hepperlen et al. 2002)

 22 error-choice items Elementary school teachers M = 39.43 103 US A
  • 15.

    Beliefs toward Mental Illness (BMI) (Hirai & Clum, 2000)

 24 6-point scaled items College students M = 25.3 ± 5.1 216 US A
  • 16.

    Opening Minds Scale for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC) (Kassam et al. 2012)

 20 5-point scaled items Health care providers ≥18 787 Canada A
  OMS-HC [111] (Modgill et al. 2014) 20 5-point scaled items Health care providers 18–65 1523 Canada A
  • 17.

    ADHD Stigma Questionnaire (ASQ) (Kellison et al. 2010)

 26 4-point scaled items Adolescents at risk of ADHD M = 15.6 ± 1.8 301 US A
  ASQ (Bell et al. 2011) 26 4-point scaled items Teachers M = 42.32 ± 12.61 268 US A
  • 18.

    ADHD Stigma (Fuermaier et al. 2012)

 37 6-point scaled items College students, community members, teaches and physicians M = 31.3 ± 14.8; M = 50.6–52.3 1033; 228 Netherlands A
  • 19.

    SS Chinese version (Ho et al. 2015)

 14 5-point scaled items People with mental illness M = 51.2 ± 11.34 114 China A
  • 20.

    Self-Esteem and Stigma Questionnaire (SE/SQ) (Hayward et al. 2002)

 8 6-point scaled items Patients with depression M = 43 ± 11 186 UK A
  • 21.

    Devaluation-Discrimination tool (DD) (Link, 1987)

 12 4-point scaled items Community members and people with mental illness M = 32.71–40.29 593 US A
  Perceived DD (Bjorkman et al. 2007) 12 4-point scaled items Patients with mental illness M = 46 40 Sweden A
  Perceived DD (depression) (Interian et al. 2010) 12 4-point scaled items Latino primary care patients ≥18 200 US A
  • 22.

    Depression is a Matter of Will (Aromaa et al. 2010)

 16 4-point scaled items Community members M = 46.9 ± 17.3 5520 Finland A
  • 23.

    Public stigma/PDD (Moses, 2009)

 14 4-point scales items Youth with mental illness 12–18 60 US A
  • 24.

    Perceived dangerousness (PD) (Link et al. 1987)

 8 6-point scaled items Community members M = 47.6 152 US A
  • 25.

    PD/Link Stigma scale (Bagley & King, 2005)

 11 5-point scaled items Patients with mental illness M = 42.2 83 UK A
  • 26.

    Dangerousness scale (Penn et al. 1994)

 8 7-point scaled items College students ? 329 US A
  • 27.

    Social distance (SD) (Link et al. 1989)

 7 4-point scaled items Community members M = 47.6 152 US A
  SD (Penn et al. 1994) 7 4-point scaled items College students ? 329 US A
  • 28.

    SD revised (Interian et al. 2010)

 Six multiple choice items Latino primary care patients ≥18 200 US A
  • 29.

    Reported and Intended Behaviour scale (RIBS) (Evans-Lacko et al. 2013)

 Eight items General public M = 46 ± 18.6 6954 UK A
  RIBS (Evans-Lacko et al. 2012) Four items on an ordinal scale and 4 items on multiple choices General public M = 38.1 ± 13.4; 36.9 ± 14.1 403; 83 UK A
  RIBS (Evans-Lacko et al. 2011) Four items on an ordinal scale and 4 items on multiple choices General public 25–45 92; 37; 403 UK A
  RIBS (Friedrich et al. 2013) Four items on an ordinal scale and 4 items on multiple choices Medical students M = 23.5 1452 UK A
  RIBS Japanese version (Yamaguchi et al. 2014) Four items on an ordinal scale and 4 items on multiple choices Undergraduate and graduate students M = 22.61 ± 2.47 224 Japan A
  • 30.

    Social Contact scale (SD version) (Jackson & Heatherington, 2006)

 8 4-point scaled items Secondary school students M = 13.3 ± 1.26 1223 Jamaica A
  • 31.

    Social Supports Acceptance scale (SSAS) (Mansouri & Dowell, 1989)

 ? 4-point scaled items People with mental illness 18–70 70 US A
  • 32.

    Attitudes to Mental Illness Questionnaire (AMID) (Luty et al. 2006)

 5 5-point scaled items General public M = 46.3 ± 15.7 1079 UK A
  • 33.

    Attitudes to Severe Mental Illness (ASMI) (Madianos et al. 2012)

 35 6-point scaled items General public M = 41.5 ± 10.61; 43.71 ± 11.18 2039 Greece A
  • 34.

    Attitudes Toward Social Competence and Integration of People with Mental Illness (ASCI) (Minnebo & Acker, 2004)

 8 5-point scaled items Belgian high school students M = 16.8 ± 1.6 207 Belgium A
  • 35.

    Client Attitude Questionnaire (CAQ) (Morrison & Becker, 1975)

 20 true/false/do not know items Psychiatric professionals ? 13 US A
  • 36.

    Beliefs and attitudes toward people diagnosed with psychosis (BAP) (Serra et al. 2013)

 6 5-point scaled items High school students M = 17.3 ± 1.4; 17.3 ± 1.3 1023 Italy A
  • 37.

    Devaluation of consumer family scale (DSFS) (Struening et al. 2001)

 15 4-point scaled items Caregivers of people with mental illness M = 50 ± 14.3 461 US A
  Stigma-Devaluation scale (Dalky, 2012) 15 4-point scaled items Family members of people with mental illness M = 44.5 ± 11.7 164 Jordan A
  • 38.

    Adolescent Attitudes toward Serious Mental Illness (ATSMI-AV) (Watson et al. 2005)

 24 5-point scaled items High school students Grades 9–12 415 US A
  • 39.

    Attitudes towards Acute Mental Health Care (ATAMHS) (Baker et al. 2005)

 33 7-point scaled items and semantic differentials Nurses 35–39 140 UK B
  • 40.

    Attitudes towards Psychiatry 30 (ATP 30) (Burra et al. 1982)

 30 5-point scaled items Medical students and residents ? 189 Canada B
  • 41.

    Latino Scale for Antidepressant Stigma (LSAS) (Interian et al. 2010)

 7 3-point scaled items Latino primary care patients ≥18 200 US B
  • 42.

    Stigma Concerns about Mental Health Care (SCMHC) (Interian et al. 2010)

 3-point scaled items Latino primary care patients ≥18 200 US B
  • 43.

    Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help (SSRPH) (Komiya et al. 2000)

 5 3-point scaled items College students M = 18.4 ± 1.32 311 US B
  • 44.

    Psychiatric Skepticism scale (PSS) (Swami & Furnham, 2011)

 16 7-point scaled items General public M = 37.55 ± 14.67 564 UK B
  • 45.

    Perceptions of Stigmatisation by Others for Seeking Help (PSOSH) (Vogel et al. 2009)

 21 5-point scaled items College students ? 985; 842; 506; 144; 130 US B
  • 46.

    British Omnibus National Survey (ONS) (Kobau et al. 2010)

 11 5-point scaled items Community members ≥18 5251 US A & B
  • 47.

    Changing mind (Svensson et al. 2011)

 56 5-point scaled items Nursing students 20–25 51 Sweden A & B
  • 48.

    Mental Illness: Clinician's Attitudes (MICA) (Kassam et al. 2010)

 16 6-point scaled items Medical students, psychiatry trainees, M = 22.4–22.9 23–188 UK A & B
  MICA version 4 (Gabbidon et al. 2013a, b) 16 6-point scaled items Nursing students M = 25.56 ± 7.29 191 UK A & B
  • 49.

    Libertarian Mental Health Ideology scale (LMHIS) (Nevid & Morrison, 1980)

 39 5-point scaled items Mental health professionals and students M = 34 227 US A & B
  • 50.

    Depression Attitude Questionnaire (DAQ) (Botega et al. 1992)

 20 items on a 100 mm visual analogue scale General practitioners M = 41 ± 7.4 72 UK A & B
  DAQ (Haddad et al. 2007) 20 items on a 100 mm visual analogue scale Nurses and home care staff M = 44.7 ± 9.3 189 UK A & B
  • 51.

    DAQ revised (Scheerder et al. 2009)

 24 5-point scaled items Pharmacists M = 45.2 ± 11.1 200 Belgium A & B
  • 52.

    R-DAQ (Haddad et al. 2015)

 22 5-point scaled items Health care providers ? 1193 UK A & B
  • 53.

    Opinions about Mental Illness (Cohen & Struening, 1962)

 70 6-point scaled items Health care providers and hospital staff ? 1194 US A & B
  OMI (Madianos et al. 1987) 51 6-point scaled items Community members M = 40.9 ± 13.1 1574 Greece A & B
  OMI (Struening & Cohen, 1963) 51 6-point scaled items Health care providers and hospital staff ? 1200 US A & B
  • 54.

    OMI Chinese (Ng & Chan, 2000)

 45 6-point scaled items Secondary students M = 15.04 ± 1.18 117 China A & B
  • 55.

    Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness (CAMI) (Taylor & Dear, 1981)

 40 9-point scaled items Community members ? 1090 Canada A & B
  CAMI (Granello et al. 1999) 40 9-point scaled items Undergraduate students 18–40 102 US A & B
  CAMI (Granello & Pauley, 2000) 40 9-point scaled items Undergraduate students M = 20.54 ± 2.30 53 US A & B
  CAMI (Hinkelmean & Granello, 2003) 40 9-point scaled items Undergraduate students 18–30 86 US A & B
  CAMI (Morris et al. 2011) 40 9-point scaled items Nurses M = 40 ± 10 858 6 European countries A & B
  CAMI Chinese (Sevigny et al. 1999) 40 9-point scaled items Mental health professionals ? 100 China A & B
  CAMI (Wolff et al. 1996) 40 9-point scaled items General public ≥18 192 UK A & B
  • 56.

    CAMI revised (Brockington et al. 1993)

 31 5-point scaled items Community members ≥15 2000 Canada A & B
  • 57.

    Mental Health Attitude Survey for Police (MHASP) (Clayfield et al. 2011)

 37 3/4-point scaled items Police officers M = 41.34 ± 9.09 394 US A & B
  • 58.

    CAMI Swedish (Högberg et al. 2008)

 20 6-point scaled items Student nurses M = 27.9 ± 7.5 256 Sweden A & B
  • 59.

    CAMI/FABI (20 item) (Svensson et al. 2011)

 20 5-point scaled items Nursing students 20–25 51 Sweden A & B
  • 60.

    Relatives' opinions toward Schizophrenia (ROS) (Magliano et al. 1999)

 28 10-point scaled items Relatives of people with mental illness M = 55.9 ± 14.8 103 Italy A & B
  • 61.

    R-AQ (Pinto et al. 2012)

 9 7-point scaled items High school students M = 20.15 ± 6.33; M = 20.50 ± 5.87 210 US A & B
  • 62.

    Attitudes towards Depression and Its Treatment (ATDT) (Gabriel & Violato, 2010)

 27 5-point scaled items Patients with depression; mental health experts M = 43; 52 ± 11.6 63; 12 Canada A & B
  • 63.

    ATDT revised (Isaac et al. 2012)

 25 5-point scaled items Community members M = 32.2 ± 12.9 203 Australia A & B
  • 64.

    General Attitude Questionnaire (GAQ) (Lam et al. 2005)

 Five items measured on 0 to 100 visual-analogue scale Community members M = 41.35 110 UK A & B
  • 65.

    Endorsed and Anticipated Stigma Inventory (EASI) (Vogt et al. 2014)

 40 5-point scaled items Military personnel and veterans M = 37.52 ± 9.99 702 US A & B
  • 66.

    emotional reactions (ER) (Angermeyer & Matschinger, 2003)

 9 5-point scaled items Community members ≥18 5025 German C
  • 67.

    Affective Reaction scale (Penn et al. 1994)

 10 7-point scaled items College students ? 329 US C
  • 68.

    Attribution questionnaire (AQ) (Corrigan et al. 2002)

 27 9-point scaled items College students M = 26.3 ± 12.2 213 US A & C
  AQ (Brown, 2008) 27 9-point scaled items College students M = 19.2 ± 774 US A & C
  AQ (Corrigan et al. 2003) 27 9-point scaled items College students M = 25.33 ± 8.77 518 US A & C
  AQ (Corrigan et al. 2004) 27 9-point scaled items College students M = 25.7 ± 9.5 54 US A & C
  AQ-27-Italian (Luca Pingani et al. 2012) 27 9-point scaled items Relatives of college students M = 40.15 ± 16.36 214 Italy A & C
  • 69.

    Consumer Experiences of Stigma Questionnaire (CESQ) -7 items (Bagley & King, 2005)

 7 5-point scaled items Patients with mental illness M = 42.2 83 UK D
  • 70.

    CESQ – 9 items (Świtaj et al. 2013)

 7 5-point scaled items Patients with mental illness M = 41.5 509 Poland D
  • 71.

    Rejection experience (RE) – Swedish (Bjorkman et al. 2007)

 11 5-point scaled items Patients with mental illness M = 46 40 Sweden D
  • 72.

    Personal rejection scale/RE (Moses, 2009)

 Six yes/no questions Youth with mental illness 12–18 60 US D
  • 73.

    Discrimination and Stigma scale (DISC) (Brohan et al. 2013)

 22 4-point scaled items Patients with mental illness M = 41.2 ± 10.9 86 UK D
  • 74.

    DISC revised (Thornicroft et al. 2009)

 32 7-point scaled items plus four interview questions People with schizophrenia M = 39.2 ± 11.32 732 27 countries D
  • 75.

    Questionnaire on Anticipated Discrimination (QUAD) (Gabbidon et al. 2013a, b)

 17 4-point scaled items People with mental illness M = 54 ± 12.69 117 UK D
  • 76.

    15 item Stigma Questionnaire (SQ) (Gibbons et al. 2012)

 15 5-point scaled items People with mental illness M = 45.7 ± 12; 46.9 ± 16.7 89; 33 Canada D
  • 77.

    Harvey stigma scale (Harvey SS) (Harvey, 2001)

 18 5-point scaled items College students M = 24.07 ± 7.34 197 US D
  • 78.

    Harvey SS revised (Bagley & King, 2005)

 15 five-point scaled items Patients with mental illness M = 42.2 83 UK D
  • 79.

    Link's Rejection experiences (Link RE) (Link et al. 1997)

 12 multiple choice items Men with mental illness M = 34 84 US D
  • 80.

    Stigmatising experiences scale (SES) (Stuart et al. 2005)

 17 items on prevalence and frequency of stigma experience People with mental illness 20–79; median = 46 88 Canada D
  • 81.

    Self-stigma of depression scale (SSDS) (Barney et al. 2010)

 16 5-point scaled items Community members M = 50.9 1312 Australia E
  • 82.

    Self-stigma of mental illness (SSMI) (Corrigan et al. 2006)

 60 9-point scaled items People with mental illness M = 41.8 ± 9.6; 44.5 ± 8.5 54; 60 US E
  • 83.

    SSMI short form (Corrigan et al. 2006, Corrigan et al. 2012)

 20 9-point scaled items People with mental illness M = 44.5; 27.8; 35.1; 44.8 71; 60; 30; 85 US, German, Switzerland E
  • 84.

    Depression Self-Stigma scale (DSSS) (Kanter et al. 2008)

 32 7-point scaled items Undergraduates and community members M = 20.93 ± 3.38; 38 ± 13.76 391 US E
  • 85.

    The Stigma Inventory for Mental Illness (SIMI) (Karidi et al. 2014)

 12 5-point scaled items Patients with schizophrenia M = 39.7 ± 9.4 100 Greece E
  • 86.

    Link's Secrecy (Link et al. 1989)

 8 6-point scaled items Community members and people with mental illness M = 32.71–40.29 429; 164 US E
  • 87.

    Link's Secrecy (Link et al. 1991)

 5 6-point scaled items People with mental illness ? 152 US E
  • 88.

    Link's Withdrawal (Link et al. 1989)

 4 6-point scaled items Community members and people with mental illness M = 32.71–40.29 429; 164 US E
  • 89.

    Link's Withdrawal (Link et al. 1991)

 7 6-point scaled items People with mental illness ? 152 US E
  • 90.

    Affiliate self-stigma (ASS) (Mak & Cheung, 2008)

 22 4-point scaled items Caregivers of people with intellectual disability and mental illness M = 42.81 ± 5.41; 54.21 ± 13.20 210; 108 China E
  • 91.

    Self-Stigma scale (SSS) (Mak & Cheung, 2010)

 9 4-point scaled items People with mental illness, recent immigrants M = 40.07 ± 10.16; 33.98 ± 6.31; 175; 110; China E
  Self-Stigma Scale-Short (SSSS) (Wu et al. 2015) 9 4-point scaled items People with mental illness M = 40.53 ± 10.38; 46.52 ± 11.29 161; 189 China E
  • 92.

    Child stigma scale (CSS)/self-stigma (Moses, 2009)

 5 4-point Likert scaled items Youth with mental illness 12–18 60 US E
  • 93.

    Secrecy scale (SES) (Moses, 2009)

 Seven items Youth with mental illness 12–18 60 US E
  • 94.

    Internalised stigma of mental illness (ISMI) (Ritsher et al. 2003)

 29 4-point scaled items People with mental illness M = 49.5 ± 8.7 127 US E
  ISMI (Brohan et al. 2011) 29 4-point scaled items People with bipolar disorder or depression M = 45.67 (SD = 12.81) 1182 13 European countries E
  ISMI (Ritsher & Phelan, 2004) 29 4-point scaled items People with mental illness M = 51 ± 10 82 US E
  ISMI Chinese (Chang et al. 2014) 29 4-point scaled items People with mental illness M = 43.76 ± 11.27 347 China E
  ISMI Arabic (Kira et al. 2015) 29 4-point scaled items Arab refugees with mental illness M = 39.66 ± 11.45 330 US E
  ISMI (Lien et al. 2014) 29 4-point scaled items People with mental illness M = 43.6 ± 11.76 160 China E
  ISMI (Sibitz et al. 2011a, b) 29 4-point scaled items People with schizophrenia M = 37.3 ± 11.9 157 Austria E
  ISMI (Sibitz et al. 2011a, b) 29 4-point scaled items People with schizophrenia M = 37.3 ± 11.9 157 Austria E
  ISMI (Sorsdahl et al. 2012) 29 4-point scaled items Members of depression and anxiety organisation M = 37 ± 11.3 142 South Africa E
  • 95.

    ISMI revised (Assefa et al. 2012)

 24 4-point scaled items People with schizophrenia M = 33.3 ± 8.9 212 Ethiopia E
  • 96.

    ISMI short (Boyd & Otilingam, 2014)

 10 4-point scaled items People with mental illness M = 49.5; 49.6 127; 760 US E
  • 97.

    ISMI (Parent) (Zisman-Ilani et al. 2013)

 17 4-point scaled items Parents of people with mental illness M = 58.46 ± 4.71 194 Israel E
  • 98.

    Self-Stigma of Seeking Psychological Help (SSOSH) (Vogel et al. 2006)

 10 5-point scaled items College students ? 583; 470; 546; 217; 655 US E
  • 99.

    Personal stigma scale (PESS) (Schneider et al. 2011)

 26 5-point scaled items People with mental illness ? 243 UK D & E
  • 100.

    Stigma of Depression scale (SDS) (Vega et al. 2010)

 Seven items Latino people with depression M = 50.6 ± 11.3 200 US A & E
  • 101.

    Stigma scale (SS) (King et al. 2007)

 28 5-point scaled items Patients with mental illness M = 42.9 ± 12.4 109 UK A, C, D

A: Stigma against mental illness or the mentally ill; B: stigma against help-seeking, treatment, mental health institution or psychiatry; C: Emotional responses to mental illness; D: Experienced stigma; E: self-stigma; ?: not reported.