. 2017 May 2;27(5):433–462. doi: 10.1017/S2045796017000178

Table 2.

Methodological quality of included studies and the quality of each measurement property

Measurement tools	Internal consistency	Reliability	Content validity	Structural validity	Hypothesis testing (construct validity)	Cross-cultural validity	Criterion validity	Responsiveness
1. Self-reported prejudiced attitudes (SRPA) (Andersson et al. 2010)	G; +; M(++)			F; ?; U(x)
2. Personal attributes (PR) (Angermeyer, Matschinger, 2003)				F; +; L(+)	F; ?; U (x)
3. Labelling (Angermeyer & Matschinger, 2003)	P; +; U(x)				F; +; L(+)
4. Peer Mental Health Stigmatization scale (PMHSS) (McKeague et al. 2015)	G; +; M(++)	F; −; L(−)	P; −; U(x)	F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
5. ^??Knowledge Test of Mental Illness (KT) (Michaels & Corrigan, 2013)		F; +/−; C(+/−)		F; −; L(−)			F; −; L(−)
6. Day's Mental Illness scale (DMIS) (Day et al. 2007)	G; +; M(++)		P; ?; U (x)	F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
7. ^??EMIC (Chowdhury et al. 2000)	P; +; U (x)	P; +; U (x)
8. **Employer Attitudes towards Mental Illness questionnaire (EAQ) (Diksa & Rogers, 1996)	G; +; M(++)		F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
9. Attitudes of Nursing Staff towards Co-Workers Returning from Psychiatric and Physical Illnesses (ANCW) (Glozier et al. 2006)	P; +; U (x)		F; +; L(+)		F; +; L(+)
10. Depression Stigma scale (DSS)/PPSS (Griffiths et al. 2004)	P; +; U (x)	F; +; L(+)
DSS (Griffiths et al. 2008)	G; +; U (x)			F; −; L(−)	F; +; L(+)
11. ^??Depression Stigma scale/DSS revised (Gulliver et al. 2012)	P; +; U (x)	P; +; U (x)
12. Generalized Anxiety Stigma scale (GASS) (Griffiths et al. 2011)	E; +; S(+++)	G; −; M(−−)		E; +; S(+++)	E; +; S(+++)
13. ^??GASS revised (Gulliver et al. 2012)	P; +; U (x)	P; +; U (x)
14. Test of Knowledge About ADHD (KADD) (Hepperlen et al. 2002)	G; +; M(++)			F; −; L(−)
15. **Beliefs toward Mental Illness (BMI) (Hirai & Clum, 2000)	G; +; M(++)			F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
16. Opening Minds Scale for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC) (Kassam et al. 2012)	G; +; M(++)	F; −; L(−)	E; +; S(+++)	F; −; L(−)
OMS-HC (Modgill et al. 2014)	G; +; M(++)			F; −; L(−)				P; ?; U (x)
17. ADHD Stigma Questionnaire (ASQ) (Kellison et al. 2010)	G; +; M(++)	F; +/−; C(+/−)		F; ?; U(x)	F; +; U(x)
ASQ (Bell et al. 2011)	G; +; M(++)			F; ?; U(x)	F; ?; U(x)
18. ADHD stigma (Fuermaier et al. 2012)	G; +; M(++)			F; +; L(+)	F; ?; U(x)
19. Stigma scale/SS Chinese version (Ho et al. 2015)	G; +; M(++)			F; +; L(+)			F; −; L(−)
20. Self-Esteem and Stigma Questionnaire (SE/SQ) (Hayward et al. 2002)	F; +; L(+)	F; −; L(−)		F; ?; U (x)	F; −; L(−)
21. Devaluation-Discrimination tool (DD) (Link, 1987)	P; +; U(x)				F; +; C(+/−)
Perceived DD (Bjorkman et al. 2007)	P; +; U(x)				F; ?; C(+/−)
Perceived DD (depression) (Interian et al. 2010)	G; −; U(x)			F; +; L(+)	F; −; C(+/−)
22. Depression is a Matter of Will (Aromaa et al. 2010)	G; −; M(−−)			F; −; L(−)	F; +; L(+)
23. Public stigma/PDD (Moses, 2009)	G; +; M(++)	F; +; L(+)		F; ?; U(x)	F; +; L(+)
24. Perceived dangerousness (PD) (Link et al. 1987)	P; +; U(x)				F; +; L(+)
25. PD/Link Stigma scale (Bagley & King, 2005)	P; +; U(x)				F; +; L(+)
26. ^??Dangerousness scale (Penn et al. 1994)	P; +; U(x)				F; −; L(−)
27. ^??Social distance (SD) (Link et al. 1989)	P; +; U(x)				F; +; C(+/−)
SD (Penn et al. 1994)	P; +; U(x)				F; −; C(+/−)
28. Social distance revised (Interian et al. 2010)	G; +; M(++)			F; +; L(+)	F; −; L(−)
29. Reported and Intended Behaviour scale (RIBS) (Evans-Lacko et al. 2013)	P; +; U(x)	F; +; L(+)
RIBS (Evans-Lacko et al. 2012)	P; +; U(x)	F; +; L(+)
RIBS (Evans-Lacko et al. 2011)	P; +; U(x)	F; +; L(+)	G; +; M(++)
RIBS (Friedrich et al. 2013)	P; +; U(x)	F; +; L(+)
RIBS Japanese version (Yamaguchi et al. 2014)	G; +; U(x)	P; +; L(+)		F; ?; U(x)	F; +; L(+)
30. ^??Social Contact scale (SD version) (Jackson & Heatherington, 2006)	G; +/−; C(+/−)			F; ?; U(x)
31. Social Supports Acceptance scale (SSAS) (Mansouri & Dowell, 1989)	P; +; U(x)				F; +; L(+)
32. *Attitudes to Mental Illness Questionnaire (AMID) (Luty et al.* 2006)		F; +; L(+)		F; +; L(+)
33. *Attitudes to Severe Mental Illness (ASMI) (Madianos et al.* 2012)	G; +; M(++)	F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
34. Attitudes Toward Social Competence and Integration of People with Mental Illness (ASCI) (Minnebo & Acker, 2004)	G; +; M(++)			P; ?; U(x)
35. ^??Client Attitude Questionnaire (CAQ) (Morrison & Becker, 1975)		P; +; U(x)
36. Beliefs and attitudes toward people diagnosed with psychosis (BAP) (Serra et al. 2013)	G; +; M(++)			F; ?; U(x)
37. *Devaluation of consumers family scale (DCFS) (Struening et al.* 2001)	G; +; M(++)			F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
Stigma-Devaluation scale (Dalky, 2012)	E; +; M(++)		F; +; L(+)	E; ?; L(+)		P; N/A; U(x)
38. *Adolescent Attitudes toward Serious Mental Illness (ATSMI = AV) (Watson et al.* 2005)				G; +; M(++)
39. Attitudes towards Acute Mental Health Care (ATAMHS) (Baker et al. 2005)	F; +; L(+)			F; −; L(−)
40. Attitudes towards Psychiatry 30 (ATP 30) (Burra et al. 1982)	F; ?; U (x)	F; +/−; C(+/−)	P; ?; U (x)	F; −; L(−)	F; +; L(+)
41. Latino Scale for Antidepressant Stigma (LSAS) (Interian et al. 2010)	G; −; M(−−)			F; +; L(+)	F; −; L(−)
42. Stigma Concerns about Mental Health Care (SCMHC) (Interian et al. 2010)	G; +/−; C(+/−)			F; +; L(+)	F; −; L(−)
43. *Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help (SSRPH) (Komiya et al.* 2000)	G; +; M(++)			F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
44. **Psychiatric Skepticism scale (PSS) (Swami & Furnham, 2011)	G; +; M(++)			F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
45. Perceptions of Stigmatisation by Others for Seeking Help (PSOSH) (Vogel et al. 2009)	G; +; M(++)	F; +; L(+)	P; ?; U(x)	F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)		F; +; L(+)
46. ^??British Omnibus National Survey (ONS) (Kobau et al. 2010)	G; −; M(−−)			F; −; L(−)	F; −; L(−)
47. ^??Changing mind (Svensson et al. 2011)	P; −; U(x)	F; −; L(−)
48. Mental Illness: Clinician's Attitudes (MICA) (Kassam et al. 2010)	G; +; M(++)	F; +; L(+)	G; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)	F; +/−; C(+/−)			P; ?; U (x)
MICA version 4 (Gabbidon et al. 2013a, b)	G; +; M(++)		F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)	F; −; C(+/−)
49. Libertarian Mental Health Ideology scale (LMHIS) (Nevid & Morrison, 1980)	G; +; M(++)	F; +; L(+)	G; +; M(++)	F; −; L(−)	F; +; L(+)
50. ^??Depression Attitude Questionnaire (DAQ) (Botega et al. 1992)				F; −; L(−)
DAQ (Haddad et al. 2007)				F; −; L(−)	F; −; L(−)
51. ^??DAQ revised (Scheerder et al. 2009)	F; +/−; C(+/−)			F; −; L(−)
52. R-DAQ (Haddad et al. 2015)	G; +; M(++)	F; −; L(−)	G; +; M(++)	F; −; L(−)
53. Opinions about Mental Illness (Cohen & Struening, 1962)				F; +; L(+)	F; ?; U (x)
OMI (Madianos et al. 1987)			F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
OMI (Struening & Cohen, 1963)	G; +/−; C(+/−)			F ?; L(+)
54. ^??OMI Chinese (Ng & Chan, 2000)	P; +; U (x)			F; ?; U (x)
55. Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness (CAMI) (Taylor & Dear, 1981)	G; +/−; C(+/−)		P; ?; U(x)	F; ?; C(+/−)	F; +; L(+)
CAMI (Granello et al. 1999)	P; +/−; C(+/−)				P; +/−; L(+)
CAMI (Granello & Pauley, 2000)	P; +/−; C(+/−)				P; +; L(+)
CAMI (Hinkelmean & Granello, 2003)	G; +/−; C(+/−)				F; +; L(+)
CAMI (Morris et al. 2011)				F; ?; C(+/−)
CAMI Chinese (Sevigny et al. 1999)				F: −; C(+/−)	F: +; L(+)
CAMI (Wolff et al. 1996)				F: −; C(+/−)	F; +; L(+)
56. *CAMI revised (Brockington et al.* 1993)				F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
57. Mental Health Attitude Survey for Police (MHASP) (Clayfield et al. 2011)	G; +; M(++)			F; −; L(−)	P; +; U(x)
58. CAMI Swedish (Högberg et al. 2008)	G; +; M(++)			F; ?; U(x)		F; N/A; U(x)
59. ^??CAMI/FABI (20 item) (Svensson et al. 2011)	P +; U(x)	F; −; L(−)
60. Relatives' opinions toward Schizophrenia (ROS) (Magliano et al. 1999)	G; −; M(−−)	F; +/−; C(+/−)		F; +; L(+)	P; −; U(x)
61. R-AQ (Pinto et al. 2012)	G; +; M(++)			F; −; L(−)
62. Attitudes towards Depression and Its Treatment (ATDT) (Gabriel & Violato, 2010)	G; +; M(++)		P; ?; U (x)	F; +; L(+)
63. ^??ATDT revised (Isaac et al. 2012)	G; −; M(−−)			F; ?; U (x)
64. ^??General Attitude Questionnaire (GAQ) (Lam et al. 2005)	P; +; U(x)	F; +/−; C(+/−)
65. Endorsed and Anticipated Stigma Inventory (EASI) (Vogt et al. 2014)	F; ?; U(x)		P; ?; U(x)	F; ?; U(x)	F; +; L(+)
66. emotional reactions (ER) (Angermeyer & Matschinger, 2003)				F; +; L(+)	F; ?; U (x)
67. ^??Affective Reaction scale (Penn et al. 1994)	P; +; U(x)				F; −; L(−)
68. Attribution questionnaire (AQ)-27 (Corrigan et al. 2002)				F; ?; C(+/−)	F; ?; C(+/−)
AQ (Brown, 2008)	G; +/−; C(+/−)	F; +; L(+)		F; +; C(+/−)	F; +/−; C(+/−)
AQ (Corrigan et al. 2003)	P; +; C(+/−)				F; +; C(+/−)
AQ (Corrigan et al. 2004)		F; +/−; L(+)
AQ-27-Italian (Luca Pingani et al. 2012)	G; +; C(+/−)	F; +; L(+)		F; ?; C(+/−)	F; +; C(+/−)	F; N/A; U (x)
69. Consumer Experiences of Stigma Questionnaire (CESQ) -7 items (Bagley & King, 2005)	P; +; U(x)				F; +; L(+)
70. CESQ – 9 items (Świtaj et al. 2013)	G; +; M(++)			F; ?; U (x)	F; +; L(+)	F; N/A; U (x)
71. ^??Rejection experience (RE) – Swedish (Bjorkman et al. 2007)	P; +; U(x)				F; ?; U(x)
72. Personal rejection scale/RE (Moses, 2009)	G; +; M(++)	F; +; L(+)		F; ?; U (x)	F; +; L(+)
73. ^??Discrimination and Stigma scale (DISC) (Brohan et al. 2013)	P; +; U(x)	F; +/−; C(+/−)			F; −; L(−)
74. *DISC revised (Thornicroft et al.* 2009)			E; +; S(+++)
75. Questionnaire on Anticipated Discrimination (QUAD) (Gabbidon et al. 2013a, b)	G; +; M(++)	F; +; L(+)		F; −; L(−)	F; −; L(−)
76. 15 item Stigma Questionnaire (SQ) (Gibbons et al. 2012)	P; +; U (x)	F; +; L(+)	G; ?; U (x)		F; +; L(+)		F; +; L(+)
77. Harvey stigma scale (Harvey SS) (Harvey, 2001)	G; +; M(++)		F; +; L(+)	F; ?; U (x)	F; +; L(+)
78. Harvey SS revised (Bagley & King, 2005)	P; +; U (x)				F; +; L(+)
79. Link's Rejection experiences (Link RE) (Link et al. 1997)	G; +; M(++)			F; ?; U(x)
80. Stigmatizing experiences scale (SES) (Stuart et al. 2005)	P; +; U(x)		G; +; M(++)		F; +; L(+)
81. Self-stigma of depression scale (SSDS) (Barney et al. 2010)	G; +; M(++)	F; −; L(−)		F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
82. Self-stigma of mental illness (SSMI) (Corrigan et al. 2006)	P; +/−; U (x)	F; +/−; C(+/−)			F; +; L(+)
83. SSMI short form (Corrigan et al. 2006, Corrigan et al. 2012)	P; +; U (x)				F; +; L(+)
84. Depression self-stigma scale (DSSS) (Kanter et al. 2008)	G; +; M(++)			F; ?; U (x)	F; +; L(+)
85. The Stigma Inventory for Mental Illness (SIMI) (Karidi et al. 2014)	G; +; M(++)	F; +; L(+)	P; ?; U (x)	F; ?; U (x)	P; −; U (x)		F; −; L(−)
86. Link's Secrecy (Link et al. 1989)	G; +; M(++)			F; ?; U(x)	F; +; L(+)
87. Link's Secrecy (Link et al. 1991)	G; +; M(++)			F; ?; U(x)	F; +; L(+)
88. Link's Withdrawal (Link et al. 1989)	G; −; M(−−)			F; ?; U(x)	F; +; L(+)
89. Link's Withdrawal (Link et al. 1991)	G; −; M(−−)			F; ?; U(x)	F; +; L(+)
90. Affiliate self-stigma (ASS) (Mak & Cheung, 2008)	G; +; M(++)			F; −; L(−)	F; +; L(+)
91. Self-stigma scale (SSS) (Mak & Cheung, 2010)	G; +; M(++)		E; +; S(+++)	F; +; C(+/−)	F; +; C(+/−)
Self-stigma scale-short (SSSS) (Wu et al. 2015)	G; +; M(++)			F; ?; C(+/−)	F; −; C(+/−)
92. Child stigma scale (CSS)/self-stigma (Moses, 2009)	G; +; M(++)	F; +; L(+)		F; ?; U(x)	F; +; L(+)
93. Secrecy scale (SES) (Moses, 2009)	G; +; M(++)	F; +; L(+)		F; ?; U(x)	F; +; L(+)
94. Internalised stigma of mental illness (ISMI) (Ritsher et al. 2003)	G; +; M(++)	P; +; C(+/−)		F; ?; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
ISMI (Brohan et al. 2011)	P; +; M(++)				F; +; L(+)
ISMI (Ritsher & Phelan, 2004)					F; +; L(+)
ISMI Chinese (Chang et al. 2014)	G; +; M(++)	F; +; C(+/−)		F; ?; L(+)	F; +/−; L(+)
ISMI Arabic (Kira et al. 2015)	G; +; M(++)			F; +; L(+)	F; −; L(+)		F; −; L(−)
ISMI (Lien et al. 2014)	G; +; M(++)	F; +/−; C(+/−)		F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
ISMI (Sibitz et al. 2011a, b)					G; +; L(+)
ISMI (Sibitz et al. 2011a, b)				F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
ISMI (Sorsdahl et al. 2012)					F; +; L(+)
95. *ISMI revised (Assefa et al*. 2012)	G; +; M(++)			F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)
96. ISMI short (Boyd & Otilingam, 2014)	P; +; U(x)		F; +; L(+)		F; +; L(+)
97. ISMI (Parent) (Zisman-Ilani et al. 2013)	G; +; M(++)		P; ?; U(x)	F; +; L(+)
98. Self-Stigma of Seeking Psychological Help (SSOSH) (Vogel et al. 2006)	G; +; M(++)	F; +; L(+)	P; ?; U(x)	F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)		F; −; L(−)
99. *Personal stigma scale (PESS) (Schneider et al.* 2011)	G; +; M(++)			F; +; L(+)
100. ^??Stigma of depression scale (SDS) (Vega et al. 2010)	G; −; M(−−)			F; ?; U(x)
101. Stigma scale (SS) (King et al. 2007)	G; +; M(++)	F; +/−; C(+/−)		F; +; L(+)	F; +; L(+)

Study quality: E = Excellent, G = Good, F = Fair, P = Poor; Quality of each measurement property: positive rating (+), negative rating (−), indeterminate rating (?), conflicting rating (+/−); Overall level of evidence: Strong (S) (+++ or −−−), Moderate (M) (++ or −−), Limited (L) (+ or −), Conflicting (C) (+/−), or unknown (U) (x); N/A = Not applicable.

**, 12 tools of which all their measurement properties met the criteria of Limited (+ or −) (minimum acceptable) evidence or above; ??, 20 tools of which no measurement properties met the criteria of minimum acceptable evidence (limited level of evidence) or above.