. 2019 Sep 30;19(12):896–915. doi: 10.1002/elsc.201900041

Table 2.

Application of TIS to the propagation of trees by axillary shoots

					Performance or comparison with other systems
Species	Common name	Plant material	No. of clones	Type of TIS bioreactor	Proliferation	Rooting^a ^, ^b	Acclimation	Observations	Reference
Betula pendula, B. pubescens	Birch	CCP	2	Two‐flasks	Species specific	TIS∼SS^a	TIS∼SS	Slight hyperhydricity	70
Castanea sativa x C. crenata C. sativa x C. mollissima	Chestnut	Adult trees	10	RITA Plantform (PF)	PF > RITA > SS	PF > RITA > SS^b	PF > RITA > SS	Hyperhydricity (controlled using rockwool as support)	58
Cedrela odorata	Spanish red cedar	Seedlings + adult trees	High number	BioMINT®	TIS > SS	TIS > SS^a	98%	Juvenile > Mature material. No forced ventilation	42
Corylus spp. (Hybrids)	Hazelnut	CCP	4	Liquid Lab Rocker™	TIS > SS	TIS < SS^a	n. s.	No forced ventilation	41
Crescentia cujete	Calabash tree	Seedlings	n. s.	RITA	TIS > CIS > SS	TIS > CIS, SS^a	TIS (75%) > CIS, SS	Tree with medicinal properties	65
Eucalyptus spp. and hybrids	Eucalyptus	CCP	6	RITA	TIS > SS	TIS > SS^a	TIS > SS	Hyperhydricity (controlled by manipulation of immersion). Genotypical differences	60
E. camaldulensis	Eucalyptus	Seedlings	n. s.	Two‐flasks (20 L) + additional aeration	TIS > CM	TIS > CM^a	TIS > CM	Photoautotrophy; Florialite as support in TIS and CM	63
E. camaldulensis	Eucalyptus	Seedlings	n. s.	Two‐flasks (4 L) + additional aeration	TIS > SS	TIS > SS^a	TIS > SS	Photoautotrophy; Vermiculite and paper pulp as support in TIS and agar in SS	61
E. nitens	Eucalyptus	Seedlings	n. s.	Two‐flasks	n.s.	TIS > SS^a	>70%	TIS only during rooting	62
Handroanthus heptaphyllus	Black lapacho	Seedlings	n. s.	Two‐flasks	TIS > SS	TIS > SS^a	TIS > SS	Tree with medicinal properties	68
Ilex paraguariensis	Yerba mate	CCP	n. s.	Two‐flasks	TIS > CIS, SS	TIS > SS^a	80%	Tree with medicinal properties	66
Malus domestica	Apple M9	CCP	1	Ebb & flood	TIS ∼ SS	>90%^b	>90%	Hyperhydricity controlled with aeration. Rooting by hydroponic culture	71
M. domestica	Apple M26	CCP	1	RITA	TIS > SS	>90%^a	High	Hyperhydricity (controlled by manipulation of immersion)	72
M. domestica	Apple	CCP	1	PA‐TIS (two‐flasks)	n. s.	60%^a	n. s.	Photoautotrophy	107
Olea europaea	Olive	CCP	n. s.	LifeReactor©, in‐house design	TIS ∼ SS	n. s.	n. s.	Hyperhydricity, sometimes contamination	59
O. europaea	Olive	CCP	n. s.	RITA	TIS > SS	n. s.	n. s.	Improvement of leaf characteristics	80
O. europaea	Olive	CCP	1	Plantform	TIS > SS	n. s.	n. s.	Cost reduction due to less requirement of zeatin	81
Pistacea spp.	Pistachio	Seedlings, adult trees	4	RITA	TIS > SS	50–70%^a ^, ^b	70–90%	Hyperhydricity (controlled by manipulation of immersion)	75
Populus deltoides x P. trichocarpa	Poplar	CCP	3	Two‐flasks	n. s.	TIS (97%) > SS ^a	TIS > SS	Photoautotrophy, mycorrhization	67
Prunus avium (and hybrid rootstocks)	Cherry	Adult trees	4	Two‐flasks	TIS > SS	TIS (100%) > SS^b	TIS > SS	Hyperhydricity in some genotypes	76
P. cerasifera	Myrobolan	Young trees	1	RITA	TIS > SS	TIS > SS^a	>80%	More [photosynthetic pigments] in RITA	69
Quercus robur	Oak	Seedlings	n. s.	Plantform	TIS ∼ SS	TIS∼SS^b	n. s.	Hyperhydricity (controlled by manipulation of immersion)	77
Salix viminalis	Willow	Adult tree	1	RITA, Plantform (PF)	PF > RITA > SS	100%^a	100%	Spontaneous rooting in all systems	57
Tectona grandis	Teak	Greenhouse tree	n. s.	Two‐flasks	TIS > SS	TIS (95 %) > SS^a ^, ^b	100%	Hyperhydricity (controlled by lowering cytokinin). Spontaneous rooting in TIS	73
T. grandis	Teak	Adult trees	n. s.	RITA	TIS > SS	TIS∼SS (∼90 %)^b	TIS∼SS (∼90 %)	Hyperhydricity (controlled by lowering cytokinin, nº immersions, explant density)	74

Rooting occurred in TIS.

Shoots proliferated by TIS were rooted in SS or ex vitro.

CCP, characterized commercial plant; CIS, continuous immersion; CM, conventional micropropagation with supports different from agar; n. s., not specified; TIS, temporary immersion; SS, semisolid medium.