Burton 1999.

Methods	RCT
Participants	N = 162; Mean age (yrs): 43.6; Gender (female): 55%; Diagnosis: Acute or recurrent LBP, with or without referred leg pain; sciatica excluded. Setting: Primary Care.
Interventions	(E1) The 'Back Book': a booklet with biopsychosocial information ‐ plus usual care (N=79); (E2) 'Handy Hints': a booklet with biomedical information plus usual care (N=83).
Outcomes	Pain Pain intensity at worst (VAS 1‐10) at baseline, 2 wk, 3 mo and 1 yr: (E1) 71.5 (19.2); 53.9 (27.2); 49.2 (29.7); 50.9 (29.6); (E2) 68.7 (18.5); 53.9 (26.3); 50.1 (28.5); 50.8 (27.8). Pain intensity at best (VAS 1‐10) at baseline, 2 wk, 3 mo and 1 yr: (E1) 15.8 (17.5); 9.7 (12.2); 8.7 (14.4); 10.1 (16.6); (E2) 15.6 (18.7); 12.9 (5.2); 8.8 (5.2); 10.6 (17.8). Secondary outcomes Fear avoidance: at 2 wk, 3 mo and 1 yr: E1 superior to E2 (P<0.05).
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Adequate sequence generation?	Low risk
Allocation concealment?	Low risk	A ‐ Adequate
Blinding? All outcomes ‐ patients?	Low risk
Blinding? All outcomes ‐ providers?	Low risk
Blinding? All outcomes ‐ outcome assessors?	Low risk
Incomplete outcome data addressed? All outcomes ‐ drop‐outs during intervention?	High risk
Incomplete outcome data addressed? All outcomes ‐ drop‐outs during follow‐up?	Low risk
Incomplete outcome data addressed? All outcomes ‐ ITT analysis?	Low risk
Similarity at baseline characteristics?	Low risk
Co‐interventions avoided or similar?	Unclear risk	Unclear from text.
Compliance acceptable?	Low risk