Table 1.
CDC core elements, WHO objectives, and the United States National Action Plan goals on AMR/AMS
| CDC core elements for outpatient antimicrobial stewardship [7] | ||
| 1 | Leadership commitment | Demonstrate dedication to and accountability for optimizing antibiotic prescribing and patient safety |
| 2 | Intervention and action | Implement at least one policy or practice to improve antibiotic prescribing, assess whether it is working, and modify as needed |
| 3 | Tracking and reporting | Monitor antibiotic prescribing practices and offer regular feedback to clinicians, or have clinicians assess their own antibiotic prescribing practices themselves |
| 4 | Education and expertise | Provide educational resources to clinicians and patients on antibiotic prescribing and ensure access to needed expertise on optimizing antibiotic prescribing |
| WHO global action plan on antimicrobial resistance: five objectives [6] | ||
| 1 | To improve awareness and understanding of AMR through effective communication, education, and training | |
| 2 | To strengthen the knowledge and evidence base through surveillance and research | |
| 3 | To reduce the incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene, and infection prevention measures | |
| 4 | To optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health | |
| 5 | To develop the economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries and to increase investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines, and other interventions | |
| United States National Action Plan goals [8] | ||
| 1 | Slow the emergence of resistant bacteria and prevent the spread of resistant infections | |
| 2 | Strengthen national one-health surveillance efforts to combat resistance | |
| 3 | Advance development and use of rapid and innovative diagnostic tests for identification and characterization of resistant bacteria | |
| 4 | Accelerate basic and applied research and development for new antibiotics, other therapeutics, and vaccines | |
| 5 | Improve international collaboration and capacities for antibiotic resistance prevention, surveillance, control, and antibiotic research and development | |
AMR antimicrobial resistance, AMS antimicrobial stewardship, CDC centers for disease control and prevention, WHO world health organization