Table 1.
Growth of yeast strains on glucose (Glc0≈30 g/L, nitrogen added into the medium in the form of ammonium sulfate at 0.5 g/L and yeast extract at 0.5 g/L) (A) and biodiesel‐derived glycerol (Glol0≈30 g/L, nitrogen added into the medium in the form of ammonium sulfate at 0.5 g/L and yeast extract at 0.5 g/L) (B).
| A | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yeast strains | Time | Glccons (g/L) | X (g/L) | L (g/L) | YL/X (%, w/w) | |
| Candida diddensiae NRRL Y‐7589 | a, b*1 | 112 | 29.5 | 7.9 | 0.48 | 6.0 |
| c**1 | 44 | 26.5 | 5.9 | 0.13 | 2.2 | |
| Candida tropicalis NRRL Y‐12968 | a, b*2 | 141 | 33.7 | 7.3 | 0.44 | 6.1 |
| c**2 | 42 | 33.2 | 5.8 | 0.26 | 4.4 | |
| Pichia ciferrii NRRL Y‐1031 | a, b*3 | 72 | 31.2 | 7.8 | 0.55 | 7.0 |
| c**3 | 44 | 31.2 | 4.5 | 0.30 | 6.6 | |
| Williopsis saturnus NRRL Y‐17396 | a, b*4 | 68 | 33.4 | 8.7 | 0.52 | 5.7 |
| c**4 | 44 | 33.4 | 7.0 | 0.05 | 0.7 | |
| Candida boidinii ATCC 32195 | a, b*5 | 100 | 31.1 | 7.6 | 0.36 | 4.7 |
| b**5 | 31 | 29.2 | 4.9 | 0.10 | 2.0 | |
| Candida oleophila NRRL Y‐1613 | a, b*6 | 166 | 32.9 | 5.2 | 0.52 | 10.0 |
| c**6 | 20 | 32.2 | 3.4 | 0.14 | 4.1 | |
| Rhodosporidium toruloides DSMZ 4444 | a, b | 120 | 33.4 | 9.7 | 3.84 | 39.6 |
| Candida guilliermondii NRRL Y‐2075 | a, b | 112 | 31.0 | 9.3 | 0.57 | 6.1 |
| Yarrowia lipolytica ACA‐YC 5030 | a*7 | 144 | 35.5 | 6.2 | 0.30 | 4.8 |
| b | 48 | 12.5 | 5.9 | 0.59 | 10.0 | |
| Yarrowia lipolytica ACA‐YC 5029 | a*8 | 118 | 25.7 | 4.9 | 0.20 | 4.0 |
| b | 48 | 5.9 | 3.9 | 0.37 | 9.5 | |
| Yarrowia lipolytica LFMB 20 | a*9 | 120 | 29.5 | 6.9 | 0.35 | 5.0 |
| b | 48 | 8.2 | 4.1 | 0.33 | 8.1 | |
| Lipomyces starkeyi LGAM 235 | a, b | 120 | 28.1 | 10.7 | 1.28 | 11.9 |
| Pichia membranifaciens LFMB 1 | a, b | 180 | 28.9 | 11.2 | 1.02 | 9.1 |
| B | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yeast strains | Time | Glccons (g/L) | X (g/L) | L (g/L) | YL/X (%, w/w) | |
| Candida diddensiae NRRL Y‐7589 | a | 164 | 33.3 | 9.1 | 0.03 | 0.3 |
| b | 21 | 7.0 | 3.9 | 0.45 | 11.3 | |
| Candida tropicalis NRRL Y‐12968 | a | 96 | 4.9 | 3.1 | 0.16 | 5.1 |
| b | 67 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 0.14 | 6.5 | |
| Pichia ciferrii NRRL Y‐1031 | a, b | 238 | 30.7 | 9.5 | 1.32 | 13.9 |
| Williopsis saturnus NRRL Y‐17396 | a | 96 | 30.3 | 10.0 | 0.20 | 2.0 |
| b | 16 | 6.5 | 3.3 | 0.29 | 8.8 | |
| Candida boidinii ATCC 32195 | a, b | 111 | 16.4 | 6.0 | 0.08 | 1.2 |
| Candida oleophila NRRL Y‐1613 | a | 118 | 29.8 | 13.3 | 0.09 | 0.6 |
| b | 24 | 6.1 | 3.9 | 0.18 | 4.5 | |
| Rhodosporidium toruloides DSMZ 4444 | a, b | 160 | 26.9 | 8.0 | 1.91 | 23.7 |
| Candida guilliermondii NRRL Y‐2075 | a, b | 272 | 33.3 | 11.2 | 0.92 | 8.2 |
| Yarrowia lipolytica ACA‐YC 5030 | a# | 110 | 30.2 | 7.3 | 0.37 | 5.1 |
| b | 22 | 6.7 | 5.7 | 1.91 | 33.5 | |
| Yarrowia lipolytica ACA‐YC 5029 | a## | 95 | 29.1 | 5.5 | 0.21 | 3.8 |
| b | 22 | 5.9 | 3.2 | 0.29 | 9.0 | |
| Yarrowia lipolytica LFMB 20 | a### | 120 | 31.0 | 8.7 | 0.44 | 5.1 |
| b | 48 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 0.49 | 9.8 | |
| Lipomyces starkeyi LGAM 235 | a | 188 | 28.1 | 8.8 | 0.62 | 7.0 |
| b | 95 | 19.2 | 5.2 | 0.46 | 8.9 | |
| Pichia membranifaciens LFMB 1 | a | 190 | 31.5 | 10.7 | 0.16 | 1.5 |
| b | 24 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.23 | 15.6 | |
A: **1EtOH = 2.9 g/L, *1EtOH = 0.5 g/L; **2EtOH = 8.9 g/L, Cit = 1.9 g/L, *2EtOH = 0.2 g/L; **3EtOH = 5.3 g/L, *3EtOH = 0.5 g/L; **4EtOH = 3.4 g/L, *4EtOH = 0.2 g/L; **5EtOH = 5.1 g/L, *5EtOH = 1.2 g/L; **6EtOH = 10.0 g/L, *6EtOH = 2.1 g/L; *7Cit = 12.9 g/L; *8Cit = 11.0 g/L, Ace = 1.9 g/L; *9Cit = 13.9 g/L.
X: biomass in g/L; Glc: glucose in g/L; L: lipid in g/L; EtOH: ethanol in g/L; Cit: citric acid in g/L; Ace: acetic acid in g/L.
B: #Cit = 2.5 g/L, Ml = 9.0 g/L; ##Cit = 8.5 g/L, Ml = 6.9 g/L; ###Cit = 5.5 g/L, Ml = 4.0 g/L.
X: biomass in g/L; Glol: glycerol in g/L; L: lipid in g/L; Cit: citric acid in g/L; Ml: mannitol in g/L.
Representations: (a) When the maximum concentration of biomass (X, g/L) is achieved; (b) When the maximum quantity of lipids in dry cell weight (YL/X, % w/w) is achieved; (c) when the maximum ethanol (EtOH, g/L) is achieved (ethanol production occurred only from glucose). Each point is the mean value of two independent measurements (SE < 10%).