Table 4.

Governing equations and corresponding kinetics parameters related to biomass growth, glucose (Glc, g/L) and nitrogen consumption (N, g/L), as well as citric acid formation (Cit, g/L) during citric acid production by Yarrowia lipolytica ACA‐YC 5033

Equation	Equation Number	Glucose (g/L)	Flasks		Bioreactor
			∼35	∼80	∼35
		Number of data points	7	16	8
$\frac{dX}{dt}=\mu X$	(1)	μ max (h−1)	0.437	0.165	0.234
		Xmax (gX/L)	4.06	4.23	4.09
$\mu ={\mu }_{max}{\left(1-\frac{X}{X_{max}}\right)}^n$	(2)	n	3.09	1.97	1.61
		SSE	0.059	1.386	0.763
		R 2	0.993	0.975	0.960
$-\frac{dN}{dt}=\mu \frac{1}{Y_{X/N}}X$	(3)	YX|N (gX/gN)	29.86	33.19	30.62
		SSE	4.26×10−4	7.89×10−3	2.88×10−4
		R2	0.982	0.661	0.979
$\frac{dCit}{dt}=q_{Cit}X$	(4)	q Citmax (gCit/(gX h))	0.110	9.746	0.143
		Citmax (gCit/L)	20.13	48.90	14.73
$q_{Cit}=q_{Ci{t}_{max}}\left(1-\frac{Cit}{Ci{t}_{max}}\right)\left(\frac{k}{k+N}\right)$	(5)	k (gN/L)	19.89	4.50×10−5	9.39×10−3
		SSE	1.419	40.101	1.273
		R 2	0.996	0.994	0.995
$-\frac{dGlc}{dt}=\mu \frac{1}{Y_{X/Glc}}X+q_{Cit}\frac{1}{Y_{Cit/Glc}}X$	(6)	YX|Glc (gX/gGlc)	0.85	0.92	0.83
		YCit/Glc (gCit/gGlc)	0.96	0.67	0.81
		SSE	13.099	337.619	12.825
		R 2	0.975	0.982	0.982

Culture conditions: growth on aseptic 250‐mL flasks at 180 ± 5 rpm, Glc₀ = 35.0 ± 2.0 g/L and Glc₀ = 80.0 ± 2.0 g/L, (NH₄)₂SO₄ = 0.50 g/L, yeast extract = 0.5 g/L, initial pH = 6.0 ± 0.1, pH ranging between 5.0 and 6.0, DOT>20% v/v, incubation temperature T = 28°C, initial phenolic compounds concentration 2.90 ± 0.25 g/L; growth on aseptic batch bioreactor (Glc₀ = 35.0 ± 2.0 g/L), 300 rpm, initial phenolic compounds concentration 2.90 ± 0.25 g/L, initial pH = 6.0 ± 0.1, incubation temperature T = 28°C and sparging of air at 1.0 vvm.