Table 6.

Experimental results of citric acid‐producing yeasts during growth under various fermentation configurations and comparisons with the present investigation

Strain	Substrate	Culture mode	Cit (g/L)	YCit/S a (g/g)	Reference
Yarrowia lipolytica LGAM S (7)	OMW/glycerol blend	Shake flasks	30.3	0.62	Dourou et al. 9
Yarrowia lipolytica ACA‐DC 50109	OMW/glucose blend	Shake flasks	28.9	0.53b	Papanikolaou et al. 21
Yarrowia lipolytica W29	OMW/glucose blend	Shake flasks	15.8	0.46b	Sarris et al. 22
Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC 20346	Glucose	Fed‐batch culture, bioreactor	50.0–69.0	0.52	Moresi 26
Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1203d	Crude glycerol	Shake flasks	57.7	0.92	Papanikolaou et al. 27
Yarrowia lipolytica LGAM S(7)1	Crude glycerol	Shake flasks	35.1	0.44	Papanikolaou et al. 31
Candida oleophila ATCC 20177	Glucose	Batch culture, flasks, bioreactor	50.1–79.1	0.55	Anastassiadis et al. 33
Yarrowia lipolytica N1	Ethanol	Fed‐batch culture, bioreactor	120.0	0.85	Kamzolova et al. 41
Yarrowia lipolytica 187/1	Rapeseed oil	Fed‐batch culture, bioreactor	135.1	1.55	Kamzolova et al. 42
Yarrowia lipolytica N15	Pure glycerol	Fed‐batch bioreactor	98.0	0.70	Kamzolova et al. 43
Candida oleophila ATCC 20177	Glucose	Continuous culture bioreactor	37.6–57.8	0.40	Anastassiadis and Rehm 45
Yarrowia lipolytica SWJ‐1b	Glucose	Batch bioreactor	52.3	0.87	Liu et al. 46
Candida lipolytica Y1095	Glucose	Fed‐batch culture bioreactor	13.6–78.5	0.79	Rane and Sims 47
Yarrowia lipolytica Wratislavia 1.31	Crude glycerol	Batch bioreactor	124.5	0.62	Rymowicz et al. 49
Yarrowia lipolytica A‐101‐1.22	Crude glycerol	Batch bioreactor	112.0	0.60	Rymowicz et al. 50
Yarrowia lipolytica Wratislavia AWG7	Crude glycerol	Repeated batch	154.0	0.78	Rywińska and Rymowicz 51
Yarrowia lipolytica NG40/UV7	Pure glycerol	Fed‐batch bioreactor	115.0	0.64	Morgunov et al. 53
Candida lipolytica NRRL Y‐1095	n‐Paraffins	Fed‐batch culture bioreactor	30.0–40.0	1.00	Crolla and Kennedy 54
Saccharomycopsis lipolytica D 1805	Glucose	Batch culture, bioreactor	95.0	0.75	Briffaud and Engasser 55
Saccharomycopsis lipolytica NRRL Y‐7576	Glucose	Batch culture, bioreactor	51.5	0.71	Klasson et al. 56
Candida guillermondii IMK 1	Galactose	Shake flasks	13.5	0.38	Gutierrez et al. 57
Candida lipolytica Y 1095	Glucose	Continuous culture recycling, bioreactor	40.0–50.0	0.72	Rane and Sims 58
Yarrowia lipolytica ACA‐DC 50109	Commercial glucose	Shake flasks	42.9	0.56	Papanikolaou et al. 59
Yarrowia lipolytica AWG‐7	Glucose syrup	Shake flasks	36.7	0.31	Rymowicz and Cibis 60
Yarrowia lipolytica NRRL YB‐423	Pure glycerol	Shake flasks	21.6	0.55	Levinson et al. 61
Yarrowia lipolytica LFMB 20	Crude glycerol	Shake flasks	42.0	0.39	Papanikolaou et al. 62
	Commercial glucose		58.1	0.55
Yarrowia lipolytica A‐101	Crude glycerol	Batch bioreactor	66.8	0.43	Rywińska et al. 63
Yarrowia lipolytica Wratislavia 1.31	Crude glycerol	Fed‐batch bioreactor	126.0	0.63	Rywińska et al. 64
			157.5	0.58
Yarrowia lipolytica Wratislavia AWG7	Pure glycerol	Continuous bioreactorc	86.5	0.59	Rywińska et al.65
Yarrowia lipolytica PR32e	Glucose	Fed‐batch bioreactor	111.1	0.93	Fu et al.66
Yarrowia lipolytica ACA‐YC 5033	OMW/glucose blend	Shake flasks	52.0	0.64b	Present study

^aY_Cit/S: g of citric acid produced per gram of carbon substrate consumed (maximum values).

^bIn the case of OMW/glucose blends, the conversion yield was based on the reducing sugars (OMWs contained some quantities of reducing sugars) consumed by the strains.

^cD = 0.009 h^–1.

^dStrain JMY1203 is genetically engineered strain derivative from W29, with inactivated 2‐methyl‐citrate dehydratase.

^eStrain PR32 is genetically engineered strain derivative from SWJ‐1b, with over‐expressed pyruvate carboxylase.