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Average annual cycle of 2-m air temperature in MERRA and MERRA-2 at (a) South Pole station (90°S; 1980–2014; Turner et al., 2004), (b) Gill automatic weather station (80°S, 179°W; 1985–2014; Turner et al., 2004), and (c) Summit, Greenland (73°N, 38°W; 2000–2002; Hoch, 2005). The units are °C. Vertical bars denote ±1 standard deviation of the multi-year time series for each month. Results for MERRA-2 are derived from the data collections described in GMAO (2015i, j, m).
