Table 1.
Altered levels of candidate biomarkers
| Biomarker (blood) | Up regulation (reference no.) | Down regulation (reference no.) | No regulation (reference no.) | Superiority |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1 | (7, 34–39) | - | (40–43) | Up + No |
| IL-6 | (7, 35, 38, 48, 49) | (54) | (43, 50, 51) | Up + No + Down |
| TNF-α | (7, 16, 43, 66–68) | (34) | (42, 53) | Up + No + Down |
| IL-12 | (7) | (18) | - | Up + Down |
| IL-4 | (7) | No | ||
| IL-10 | (7, 43) | No | ||
| Lymphocyte | - | (85, 90) | - | Down |
| Monocyte | (88) (89) | - | (87) | Up + No |
| CLU | (114, 115) | - | - | Up |
| CR1 | - | - | (112, 116) | No |
| C3 | (99) | - | - | Up |
| C4 | (118) | - | - | Up |
| CRP | (120–122) | (119) | - | Up + Down |
|
| ||||
| Biomarker (intestine) | Up & Down changes based on probiotic formulation or FMT in AD mouse model | Reference no. | ||
|
| ||||
| IL-1 | Down | (82) | ||
| IL-2 | Down | (82) | ||
| IL-12 | Down | (82) | ||
| IFN-γ | Down | (82) | ||
| TNF-α | Down | (82) | ||
| IL-4 | Up | (82) | ||
| IL-6 | Up | (82) | ||
| G-CSF | Up | (82) | ||
| GM-CSF | Up | (82) | ||
| Ly6C+ monocyte | Down | (11) | ||
Abbreviations: up, up regulation; down, down regulation; no, no regulation; FMT, fecal microbiota transplant.