Table 2.
Univariate and Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards Models of All-Cause Death£
| Univariate Model |
Multivariate Model |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV (−) women | HIV (+) women | HIV (−) women | HIV (+) women | |||||
| Predictor | Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P-value |
| Methadone | ||||||||
| Recent | 2.4 (1.07–5.2) | 0.033 | 1.72 (1.42–2.1) | <0.0001 | 1.18 (0.48–2.9) | 0.71 | 0.92 (0.73–1.17) | 0.52 |
| Prescribed | 2.2 (0.98–5.0) | 0.054 | 1.64 (1.34–2.0) | <0.0001 | 1.20 (0.49–2.9) | 0.69 | 0.92 (0.73–1.17) | 0.51 |
| Not prescribed | 3.5 (1.09–11.2) | 0.036 | 2.9 (1.81–4.6) | <0.0001 | 1.50 (0.44–5.1) | 0.52 | 1.08 (0.64–1.82) | 0.78 |
| Ever | 2.4 (1.15–5.0) | 0.020 | 1.38 (1.67–1.64) | 0.0002 | 0.74 (0.29–1.9) | 0.54 | 0.88 (0.70–1.11) | 0.29 |
| Prescribed | 2.0 (0.97–4.2) | 0.062 | 1.50 (1.26–1.79) | <0.0001 | 0.78 (0.32–1.87) | 0.57 | 0.90 (0.71–1.13) | 0.36 |
| Not prescribed | 1.45 (0.84–2.5) | 0.18 | 1.52 (1.30–1.78) | <0.0001 | 0.57 (0.30–1.09) | 0.089 | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 0.56 |
| Log10 viral load (copies/ml) | ||||||||
| Effect per 1 log10-increase within ranges | ||||||||
| <3 | NA | 3.7 (3.2–4.3) | <0.0001 | NA | 0.96 (0.66–1.39) | 0.83 | ||
| 3–4 | 6.1 (5.2–7.1) | <0.0001 | 0.69 (0.47–0.99) | 0.049 | ||||
| >4 – 5 | 10.9 (9.4–12.6) | <0.0001 | 1.61 (1.17–2.2) | 0.0034 | ||||
| >5 | 23 (19.4–27) | <0.0001 | 1.94 (1.49–2.5) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Viral load undetectable | NA | 0.25 (0.21–0.30) | <0.0001 | NA | 0.82 (0.57–1.19) | 0.31 | ||
| Log base 2 of CD4+ cell count | NA | 0.48 (0.47–0.50) | <0.0001 | NA | 0.59 (0.56–0.62) | <0.0001 | ||
| Depressive symptoms | 2.9 (1.77–4.8) | <0.0001 | 2.6 (2.2–2.9) | <0.0001 | 2.1 (1.24–3.6) | 0.0062 | 1.39 (1.21–1.60) | <0.0001 |
| Hepatitis B infection | 12.9 (1.69–99) | 0.014 | 1.89 (1.37–2.6) | 0.0001 | 26 (3–229) | 0.0032 | 1.29 (0.92–1.8) | 0.13 |
| Injectable illicit drug use | ||||||||
| Recent | 4.6 (2.4–8.7) | <0.0001 | 2.4 (1.98–3.0) | <0.0001 | 1.91 (0.92–4) | 0.084 | 1.05 (0.83–1.32) | 0.71 |
| Ever | 5.7 (3.4–9.8) | <0.0001 | 2.3 (1.97–2.6) | <0.0001 | 3.6 (2–6.4) | <0.0001 | 1.34 (1.15–1.57) | 0.0001 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Current | 7.9 (1.91–33) | 0.0043 | 2.2 (1.87–2.7) | <0.0001 | 3.6 (0.82–15.8) | 0.09 | 1.24 (1.01–1.52) | 0.039 |
| Past | 4.7 (1.07–21) | 0.04 | 1.59 (1.30–1.95) | <0.0001 | 2.4 (0.51–11.4) | 0.27 | 1.36 (1.1–1.7) | 0.005 |
| Hemoglobin level (g/dL) | ||||||||
| Normal: >11.9–15.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Critical low: <7 | NA | 63 (33–120) | <0.0001 | NA | 3.2 (1.52–6.8) | 0.0022 | ||
| Low: 7–11.9 | 1.52 (0.89–2.6) | 0.12 | 4.5 (3.9–5.2) | <0.0001 | 1.49 (0.83–2.7) | 0.18 | 1.56 (1.33–1.83) | <0.0001 |
| High: >15.6 | 1.10 (0.15–8.1) | 0.92 | 1.62 (0.83–3.1) | 0.15 | 0.56 (0.071–4.4) | 0.58 | 1.61 (0.83–3.2) | 0.16 |
| Albumin level (g/dL) | ||||||||
| Normal:>3.9–4.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1 | ||||
| Very low: ≥1.2– 2.1 | 12.4 (1.59–97) | 0.016 | 19.7 (13.2–30) | <0.0001 | 31 (3.7–254) | 0.0015 | 7.3 (4.7–11.3) | <0.0001 |
| Low: >2.1–3.4 | 7 (3.5–14.1) | <0.0001 | 7.3 (6.1–8.9) | <0.0001 | 4.8 (2.2–10.1) | <0.0001 | 3.1 (2.50–3.8) | <0.0001 |
| Low normal:>3.4–3.9 | 1.34 (0.69–2.6) | 0.38 | 1.92 (1.58–2.3) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (0.53–2) | 0.91 | 1.39 (1.14–1.69) | 0.0013 |
| High Normal:>4.2–4.8 | 0.78 (0.39–1.54) | 0.48 | 0.74 (0.58–0.93) | 0.011 | 0.78 (0.38–1.6) | 0.50 | 0.86 (0.68–1.1) | 0.24 |
| High:>4.8 | 0.99 (0.13–7.5) | 0.99 | 1.04 (0.55–1.97) | 0.91 | 0.83 (0.11–6.4) | 0.85 | 1.37 (0.72–2.6) | 0.34 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | ||||||||
| Normal: ≥90 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Mild kidney disease: ≤60–89 | 0.59 (0.33–1.07) | 0.085 | 1.21 (1.34–1.41) | 0.016 | 0.7 (0.37–1.3) | 0.25 | 1.02 (0.87–1.2) | 0.81 |
| Moderate kidney disease: ≤30–59 | 2.2 (0.99–4.9) | 0.053 | 3.4 (2.8–4.2) | <0.0001 | 2.3 (0.99–5.3) | 0.05 | 1.86 (1.51–2.3) | <0.0001 |
| 3.6 (0.80–16.6) | 0.093 | 8.8 (6.2–12.6) | <0.0001 | 1.33 (0.25–7.2) | 0.74 | 3.5 (2.4–5.1) | <0.0001 | |
| 9 (3–27) | <0.0001 | 6.1 (4.5–8.1) | <0.0001 | 8 (2.5–26) | 0.0005 | 3.8 (2.8–5.1) | <0.0001 | |
| Severe kidney disease: 15–29 | ||||||||
| Kidney failure: <15 | ||||||||
| Unemployed | 5.5 (2.5–12.1) | <0.0001 | 6.5 (5.0–8.3) | <0.0001 | 2.9 (1.3–6.6) | 0.0094 | 2.4 (1.82–3.1) | <0.0001 |
| HIV treatment era | ||||||||
| <1998 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| 1998–2004 | 0.73 (0.34–1.59) | 0.44 | 0.45 (0.39–0.53) | <0.0001 | 0.74 (0.31–1.74) | 0.49 | 0.68 (0.57–0.8) | <0.0001 |
| >2004 | 0.40 (0.19–0.86) | 0.018 | 0.24 (0.20–0.28) | <0.0001 | 0.46 (0.19–1.09) | 0.077 | 0.55 (0.45–0.68) | <0.0001 |
| Benzodiazepine use | 2.1 (0.99–4.4) | 0.055 | 1.60 (1.30–1.97) | <0.0001 | 0.7 (0.28–1.74) | 0.44 | 1.28 (1.01–1.6) | 0.037 |
| No. of medications with conditional QT interval–prolonging effects¥ | 0.86 (0.47–1.55) | 0.61 | 1.16 (1.02–1.32) | 0.026 | 0.67 (0.36–1.25) | 0.21 | 1.15 (1.00–1.33) | 0.047 |
| No. of medications that can increase risk for CNS depression¥ | 2.9 (1.86–4.6) | <0.0001 | 1.90 (1.66–2.2) | <0.0001 | 2.4 (1.49–3.9) | <0.0003 | 1.09 (0.6–1.97) | 0.77 |
| Medications that can increase risk for CNS depression¥ | 3.3 (1.91–5.6) | <0.0001 | 2.1 (1.79–2.5) | <0.0001 | 1.51 (0.26–8.9) | 0.65 | 1.61 (1.35–1.92) | <0.0001 |
Boldface hazard ratios and p values in the multivariate column are variables present in the final multivariate proportional hazards model. The rest of the values are results for each variable as a single addition to the final multivariate model.
CI = confidence interval; CNS = central nervous system; NA = not applicable.
£
For brevity, only predictors (methadone excluded) with p values <0.05 are reported in this table. Supplemental Table 2 is a comprehensive version of this table.
¥
Methadone was not included.