Figure 1.

TGEV infection activated the NF-κB pathway.

(a) ST cells and IPEC-J2 cells were transfected with pNF-κB-Luc and pRL-TK. At 12 h post-transfection, cells were mock-infected or infected with TGEV at an MOI of 0.1. At 12, 24, and 36 h after TGEV infection, cell extracts were prepared for carrying out luciferase reporter gene assays. (b) ST cells and IPEC-J2 cells were transfected with pNF-κB-Luc and pRL-TK. At 24 h post-transfection, cells were infected with TGEV at an MOI of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, or 1. Cell extracts were prepared for luciferase reporter gene assays at 36 h post-infection. Results are representative of three independent experiments. Data are presented as mean ± SD. P values < 0.05 (*) and < 0.01 (**) were considered to be statistically significant and highly significant, respectively. (c) ST cells and IPEC-J2 cells were mock-infected or infected with TGEV at an MOI of 0.1. At 36 h post-infection, cells were fixed and analyzed with the mouse anti-N and Rabbit anti-P65 antibodies, followed by TRITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (red) and FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (green). Cellular nuclei were stained with DAPI. Nuclear translocation of p65 was observed under a fluorescence microscope.