Table 2.

Comparison of baseline characteristics of pregnant women in RI Medicaid. N=25,500.

Characteristics	Exposed to Opioids during pregnancy N = 1,914	Unexposed to Opioids during pregnancy N = 23,586	P Value
Maternal Age at delivery
Mean ± SD	25.6 ± 8.3	25.9 ± 6.3	0.06
<18	794 (41)	8,007 (34)	<0.0001
18–24	387 (20)	6,914 (29)
25–34	626 (32)	7,206 (30.5)
≥35	107 (5.6)	1,459 (6)
Race, N(%)
White	1,228 (64)	12,277 (52)	<0.0001
Black	121 (6)	9,095 (38.6)
Other	565 (29.5)	2,214 (9.4)
Substance use and abuse
Marijuana	2 (0.1)	36 (0.15)	0.60
Cocaine	8 (0.4)	16 (0.07)	<0.0001
Tobacco use, N(%)	118 (6.2)	518 (2.2)	<0.0001
Alcohol use, N(%)	135 (7)	331 (1.4)	<0.001
Maternal preexisting condition, N(%)
Multiple gestation	29 (3.2)	214 (2.3)	0.31
HIV infection	3 (0.16)	17 (0.07)	0.19
Depression	145 (7.6)	1,091 (4.6)	<0.0001
Anxiety	50 (2.6)	296 (1.3)	<0.0001
Pain conditions
Fibromyalgia	39 (2)	117 (0.5)	<0.0001
Migraine	175 (9)	1,047 (4.4)	<0.0001
Back pain	231 (12)	955 (4)	<0.0001
Psychiatric medications
Anxiolytics	106 (5.5)	355 (1.5)	<0.0001
Antidepressants	175 (9)	995 (4.2)	<0.0001
Antipsychotics	34 (1.8)	163 (0.69)	<0.0001
Stimulants	4 (0.2)	57 (0.24)	0.78
Opioid use at baseline	311 (16)	773 (3)	<0.0001