Table 3.

Significant Risk Factors for Maternal Opioid Use during Pregnancy. Results of Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis

Characteristics	Odds Ratio	95% CI		P Value
		Lower Bound	Upper Bound
Mother Race White vs Black	1.65	1.32	2.06	<0.0001
Cocaine use	3.10	1.15	8.36	0.025
Tobacco use	1.44	1.12	1.86	0.005
Alcohol Use	6.38	5.02	8.10	<0.0001
Migraines	1.51	1.22	1.88	0.0002
Low back pain	1.86	1.52	2.29	<0.0001
Benzodiazepine Use	1.60	1.19	2.14	0.0019
Opioid use prior to pregnancy	4.40	3.64	5.32	<0.0001
Mother Age < 18 vs 18–24	0.26	0.13	0.54	0.0002
Mother Age 25–34 vs 18–24	1.45	1.25	1.69	<0.0001
Mother Age ≥ 35 vs 18–24	1.22	0.94	1.59	0.14
Delivery Year
2015 vs 2008	15.89	7.63	33.10	<0.0001
2014 vs 2008	14.24	6.81	29.76	<0.0001
2013 vs 2008	1.93	1.52	2.46	<0.0001
2012 vs 2008	2.64	2.10	3.31	<0.0001
2011 vs 2008	1.93	1.52	2.46	<0.0001
2010 vs 2008	0.86	0.64	1.15	0.3
2009 vs 2008	1.03	0.77	1.37	0.8