Appendix Table 1.
Data Sources and Operational Definitions for Covariates.
| Variables | Data Sources | Operational Definitions |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal Age | RI DOH Birth Certificates | Age at delivery |
| Race | RI DOH Birth Certificates | White, Black, and Others |
| Marijuana | RI Medicaid Inpatient/Outpatient Claims | ICD-9 Diagnosis Code |
| Cocaine | RI Medicaid Inpatient/Outpatient Claims | ICD-9 Diagnosis Code |
| Tobacco use | RI Medicaid Inpatient/Outpatient Claims | ICD-9 Diagnosis Code |
| Alcohol use | RI Medicaid Inpatient/Outpatient Claims | ICD-9 Diagnosis Code |
| Multiple gestation | RI DOH Birth Certificates | |
| HIV infection | RI Medicaid Inpatient/Outpatient Claims | ICD-9 Diagnosis Code |
| Depression | RI Medicaid Inpatient/Outpatient Claims | ICD-9 Diagnosis Code |
| Anxiety | RI Medicaid Inpatient/Outpatient Claims | ICD-9 Diagnosis Code |
| Fibromyalgia | RI Medicaid Inpatient/Outpatient Claims | ICD-9 Diagnosis Code |
| Migraine | RI Medicaid Inpatient/Outpatient Claims | ICD-9 Diagnosis Code |
| Back pain | RI Medicaid Inpatient/Outpatient Claims | ICD-9 Diagnosis Code |
| Anxiolytics Use | RI Medicaid Pharmacy Claims | Therapeutic Class Code |
| Antidepressants Use | RI Medicaid Pharmacy Claims | Therapeutic Class Code |
| Antipsychotics Use | RI Medicaid Pharmacy Claims | Therapeutic Class Code |
| Stimulants Use | RI Medicaid Pharmacy Claims | Therapeutic Class Code |
| Opioid use at baseline | RI Medicaid Pharmacy Claims | Therapeutic Class Code |