Table 2:
Unadjusted associations patient-level and census-level determinants with study outcomes for total study population.
| Prehospital Outcome (n=1335) | In-hospital Outcomes (n=319) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival to Emergency Department | Survival to Hospital Admission | Survival to Hospital Discharge | Survival to Hospital Discharge (CPC 1-2) | |||||||||
| Patient Level Predictors | Yes (n=734) | No (n=601) | P-value | Yes (n=127) | No (n=192) | P-value | Yes (n=52) | No (n=267) | P-value | Yes (n=27) | No (n=292) | P-value |
| Age, mean (SD) | 65.2 (16.9) | 67.6 (16.8) | 0.009* | 61.3 (17.0) | 64.5 (17.4) | 0.114 | 58.2 (20.0) | 64.2 (16.8) | 0.023* | 52.0 (18.7) | 64.3 (18.8) | <0.001* |
| Sex (% female) | 290 (39.5) | 251 (41.8) | 0.404 | 48 (37.8) | 74 (38.5) | 0.893 | 18 (34.6) | 104 (39.0) | 0.5561 | 7 (25.9) | 115 (39.4) | 0.169 |
| Race: | ||||||||||||
| Black/African-American | 235 (32.0) | 115 (19.1) | <0.001* | 43 (33.9) | 76 (39.6) | 0.134 | 20 (38.5) | 99 (37.1) | 0.8128 | 11 (40.7) | 108 (37.0) | 0.862 |
| White | 492 (67.0) | 475 (79.0) | 82 (64.6) | 116 (60.4) | 32 (61.5) | 166 (62.2) | 16 (59.3) | 182 (62.3) | ||||
| Other/Unknown | 7 (1.0) | 11 (1.8) | 2 (1.57) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.7) | ||||
| Witnessed Arrest: | 477 (66.7) | 63 (10.9) | <0.001* | 94 (74.0) | 114 (59.4) | 0.007* | 43 (82.7) | 165 (61.8) | 0.004* | 25 (92.6) | 183 (62.7) | 0.002* |
| Witnessed Arrest by Lay Person: | 272 (38.0) | 38 (6.6) | <0.001* | 55 (43.3) | 62 (32.3) | 0.046* | 28 (53.9) | 89 (33.3) | 0.005* | 19 (70.4) | 98 (33.6) | <0.001* |
| ROSC Prior to ED Arrival: | 271 (36.9) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001* | 88 (69.3) | 20 (10.4) | <0.001* | 47 (90.4) | 61 (22.9) | <0.001* | 25 (92.6) | 83 (28.4) | <0.001* |
| Bystander AED: | 47 (8.0) | 21 (6.0) | 0.248 | 7(5.5) | 11 (5.7) | 0.934 | 5 (9.6) | 13 (4.9) | 0.174 | 5 (18.5) | 13 (4.5) | 0.012* |
| Bystander CPR: | 320 (54.8) | 80 (22.9) | <0.001* | 71 (55.9) | 99 (51.6) | 0.445 | 36 (69.2) | 134 (50.2) | 0.012* | 19 (70.4) | 151 (51.7) | 0.063 |
| Shockable Initial Rhythm (VF/VT): | 177 (24.5) | 4 (0.7) | <0.001* | 42 (33.1) | 36 (18.8) | 0.004* | 25 (48.1) | 53 (19.9) | <0.001* | 13 (48.2) | 65 (22.3) | 0.003* |
| Arrest at Home (vs. Public): | 448 (61.0) | 462 (76.9) | <0.001* | 68 (53.5) | 139 (72.4) | <0.001* | 19 (36.5) | 138 (70.4) | <0.001* | 8 (29.6) | 199 (68.2) | <0.001* |
| Arrest Before EMS Arrival | 613 (83.5) | 598 (99.5) | <0.001* | 102 (80.3) | 157 (81.8) | 0.745 | 45 (86.5) | 214 (80.2) | 0.281 | 24 (88.9) | 235 (80.5) | 0.285 |
| Time of Day EMS Dispatch: | ||||||||||||
| Morning to Afternoon | 304 (41.4) | 302 (50.3) | 0.001* | 48 (37.8) | 85 (44.3) | 0.251 | 23 (44.2) | 110 (41.2) | 0.685 | 10 (37.0) | 123 (45.1) | 0.608 |
| Afternoon to Evening | 430 (58.6) | 299 (49.8) | 79 (62.2) | 107 (55.7) | 29 (55.8) | 157 (58.8) | 17 (63.0) | 169 (57.9) | ||||
| Time EMS Dispatch to Scene (min.) | 7.66 (3.85) | 7.14 (3.99) | 0.016* | 7.5 (3.6) | 7.5 (3.6) | 0.971 | 7.4 (3.9) | 7.5 (3.5) | 0.859 | 8.0(3.7) | 7.44 (3.6) | 0.409 |
| Time EMS On Scene (min.) | --- | --- | --- | 15.0 (6.4) | 14.5 (5.2) | 0.433 | 13.9 (5.1) | 14.9 (5.9) | 0.277 | 12.9 (4.4) | 14.9 (5.8) | 0.083 |
| Time Transport to ED (min.) | --- | --- | --- | 10.2 (7.3) | 9.9 (6.4) | 0.700 | 10.9 (9.0) | 9.8 (6.3) | 0.284 | 12.7 (9.6) | 9.8 (6.4) | 0.032* |
| Transport Miles (mi.) | --- | --- | --- | 5.3 (4.9) | 6.0 (5.2) | 0.241 | 5.7 (5.7) | 5.7 (4.9) | 0.983 | 6.5 (6.1) | 5.7 (5.0) | 0.391 |
| Census Level Predictors | ||||||||||||
| RUCA Classification: | ||||||||||||
| Urban Core (1.0) | 572 (77.9) | 384 (63.9) | <0.001* | 108 (85.0) | 159 (82.8) | 0.598 | 41 (78.9) | 226 (84.6) | 0.300 | 20 (74.1) | 247 (84.6) | 0.157 |
| Metropolitan Area (2.0) | 162 (22.1) | 217 (36.1) | 19 (15.0) | 33 (17.2) | 11 (21.2) | 41 (15.4) | 7 (25.9) | 45 (15.4) | ||||
| Percent Living Alone | 30.9 (8.7) | 28.2 (7.1) | <0.001* | 35.4 (10.5) | 33.7 (9.6) | 0.150 | 36.0 (11.1) | 34.1 (9.7) | 0.191 | 33.9 (8.4) | 34.4 (10.1) | 0.803 |
| Percent Uninsured | 13.3 (5.1) | 13.1 (5.4) | 0.544 | 14.6 (4.9) | 14.3 (4.7) | 0.635 | 14.9 (4.7) | 14.3 (4.8) | 0.459 | 13.9 (4.3) | 14.5 (4.8) | 0.613 |
| Percent College Graduate | 19.7 (9.2) | 19.8 (7.9) | 0.863 | 17.4 (9.4) | 17.6 (9.6) | 0.798 | 17.3 (8.8) | 17.6 (9.7) | 0.864 | 16.5 (7.1) | 17.6 (9.7) | 0.564 |
| Percent High School Graduate | 87.6 (11.0) | 89.1 (7.6) | 0.006* | 84.3 (12.5) | 85.0 (12.3) | 0.626 | 84.2 (10.7) | 84.8 (12.7) | 0.749 | 84.0 (10.1) | 84.8 (12.6) | 0.754 |
| Unemployment Rate | 7.35 (5.2) | 6.77 (4.5) | 0.033* | 9.35 (6.4) | 8.73 (6.2) | 0.383 | 9.29 (6.3) | 8.92 (6.3) | 0.697 | 8.42 (4.9) | 9.03 (6.4) | 0.631 |
| Percent of Families in Poverty | 12.9 (9.9) | 15.3 (11.0) | <0.001* | 21.0 (12.4) | 18.3 (10.4) | 0.034* | 23.5 (12.8) | 18.5 (10.8) | 0.004* | 21.0 (12.9) | 19.2 (11.2) | 0.419 |
| Percent 65 Years or Older | 11.7 (6.0) | 12.2 (5.7) | 0.074 | 10.2 (6.9) | 10.68 (6.1) | 0.542 | 9.73 (6.9) | 10.7 (6.3) | 0.343 | 10.4 (8.0) | 10.5 (6.3) | 0.914 |
| Percent 85 Years or Older | 1.70 (1.4) | 1.74 (1.5) | 0.593 | 1.48 (1.6) | 1.54 (1.4) | 0.736 | 1.38 (1.5) | 1.54 (1.5) | 0.478 | 1.47 (1.9) | 1.52 (1.4) | 0.879 |
| Percent Female | 51.7 (3.5) | 51.4 (3.8) | 0.205 | 51.9 (3.4) | 51.0 (4.0) | 0.038* | 52.3 (3.1) | 51.2 (3.9) | 0.064 | 52.2 (2.9) | 51.3 (3.9) | 0.255 |
| Percent Black or African American | 24.7 (21.8) | 20.8 (17.9) | <0.001* | 31.4 (25.3) | 31.6 (24.7) | 0.965 | 28.1 (22.3) | 32.2 (25.3) | 0.274 | 23.1 (14.4) | 32.3 (25.5) | 0.065 |
| Average Household Size | 2.32 (0.3) | 2.40 (0.2) | <0.001* | 2.23 (0.3) | 2.26 (0.3) | 0.391 | 2.21 (0.3) | 2.26 (0.4) | 0.369 | 2.24 (0.2) | 2.25 (0.3) | 0.889 |
| Percent Vacant Housing Units | 11.3 (4.7) | 11.1 (4.2) | 0.419 | 13.0 (5.2) | 12.9 (5.0) | 0.919 | 13.5 (5.6) | 12.8 (5.0) | 0.355 | 11.9 (2.9) | 13.0 (5.3) | 0.296 |