Table 2.

Studies demonstrating findings of normal patella kinematics.

Study	Tilt	Shift	Flexion	Rotation
Heegard et al.10	Medial for first 20° of flexion and then lateral up until a maximum of 100°	Decreased medial shift with external tibial rotation	Flexion of patella increased with knee flexion but not as much	Not assessed
Nagamine et al.11	Initial tilt was medial but then became lateral from 45 to 90°	Initial shift medially before moving laterally	Not assessed	Rotated from neutral rotation to a medial rotation as it progressed through knee flexion
Zaffagnini et al.12	All tilt was lateral with passive range of motion until 85° at which point it became medial	Initial medial shift of patella which then begins to move laterally after 20–25°	Not assessed	Not assessed
Brunet et al.13	Medial tilt for first 22° then lateral in eccentric and concentric muscle contraction	Medial shift for first 22° then lateral	Flexion followed the knee joint but at a slower rate	No consistent pattern
Yamada et al.14	Lateral tilt began at 20° of flexion	Direction of shift not commented upon	Increased with knee flexion	Varied up until 20° flexion and then became lateral
Philipott et al.15	Minimal tilt up until 45° at which point it became lateral	Translates laterally with flexion reaching its maximum at 90°	Increased with knee flexion in	Patella rotates medially up until 30° and then rotates laterally
Van Kampen et al.16	Described as ‘wavering’: medial to lateral back to medial again with flexion	Initial medial shift, that lateralises with increasing knee flexion	Flexes with knee flexion	Not significant in first 40° of flexion
Hefzy et al.17	Patella tilts medially for first 20–30° of flexion before becoming lateral	Shifts laterally with knee flexion	Flexes with knee flexion	Did not comment on normal patella rotation