Table 5.

Findings of the effects of tibial rotation.

STUDY	RESULT OF TIBIAL ROTATION
Van Kampen & Huiskes16	External rotation of the tibia results in a lateralising force
Sakai et al.32	External rotation of the tibia when going from sitting to standing, squatting to standing and in the stance phase of walking results in increased lateral patellar shift
Nagamine et al.33	External rotation resulted in lateral shift and tilt of the patella during the early phases of flexion
Hefzy et al.17	External rotation of the tibia causes increased lateral shift which was significant during the first 30° of flexion
Heegard et al.10	External rotation resulted in decreased medial shift & tilt of the patella. Internal rotation of the tibia had no effect on patellar shift and tilt from 0 to 30° of flexion and reported these parameters as independent