Table 6.
Literature review on the use of various imaging modalities as guidance for the insertion of pedicle screws.
| Authors | Year | Number of screws | Pedicle violation rate according to spinal region and navigation modality |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oertel et al.16 | 2011 | 278 | Thoraco-lumbar: 3.2% (O-arm) |
| Tormenti et al.17 | 2010 | 375 | Thoraco-lumbar, on iCT: 1.2% Fluoroscopy: 5.2% |
| Rajasekaran et al.18 (RCT) | 2007 | 478 | Thoracic: Navigated 2%, Fluoroscopy 23% |
| Chiu et al.10 | 2017 | 1002 | Thoraco-lumbo-sacral, fluoroscopy: 11.2% |
| Mason et al.19 (systematic analysis) | 2014 | 3719 cervical 1223 thoracic 4368 lumbar |
Fluoroscopy, 8.3–50.3% (mean, 23.6%) 2D navigation, 5.0–26.3% (mean, 16.1%). 3D navigation. 0.0–19.1% (mean, 7.0%) |
| Van de Kelft et al.20 | 2012 | 1922 | Cervical, thoracic, lumbosacral: 2.5% (O-arm) |
| Dinesh et al.21 | 2012 | 261 | Thoracic: 2.7% (iCT) |
2D, two-dimensional; 3D, three-dimensional; iCT, immunofluorescent computed tomography; RCT, randomised controlled trial.