Table 1.
Optimization of the Cu-Catalyzed nitrobenzene reduction in glycerol.
| Entry | Reaction conditions | Temperature and time | Yieldsa |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | K2CO3 (2 eq), CuNPs (5 mol%) | 130°C, 5 h | 80 |
| 2 | CsCO3 (2 eq), CuNPs (5 mol%) | 130°C, 5 h | 2 |
| 3 | -, CuNPs (5 mol%) | 130°C, 5 h | 1 |
| 4 | NaOH (2 eq), CuNPs (5 mol%) | 130°C, 5 h | 87 |
| 5 | KOH (2 eq), CuNPs (5 mol%) | 130°C, 5 h | 99 |
| 6 | KOH (1 eq), CuNPs (5 mol%) | 130°C, 5 h | 62 |
| 7 | KOH (2 eq), CuNPs (2 mol%) | 130°C, 5 h | 67 |
| 8 | KOH (2 eq), CuNPs (10 mol%) | 130°C, 5 h | 98 |
| 9 | KOH (2 eq), CuNPs (5 mol%) | 80°C, 15 h | 20 |
| 10 | KOH (2 eq), CuNPs (5 mol%) | 50°C, 15 h | 2 |
| 11 | KOH (2 eq), CuNPs (5 mol%) | 130°C, 2 h | 99 |
| 12b | KOH (2 eq), CuNPs (5 mol%) | US, 1 h | 99 |
| 13c | KOH (2 eq), CuNPs (5 mol%) | MW 130°C, 30 min | 99 |
Reaction conditions: nitrobenzene (1 mmol), base (2 mmol), glycerol (40 mmol), CuNPs (5 mol%), oil bath, 5h.
a
Determined by GC-MS.
b
UP50Hz, F(kHz):30, P(W):50.
c
CEM Mars 5, 130°C Pmax = 400 W.