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. 2020 Jan 29;11:91. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00091

TABLE 1.

Sociodemographic characteristics of the study groups.

Variable Heterosexual fathers (n = 78) Gay fathers through a heterosexual relationship (n = 76) Gay fathers through Surrogacy (n = 63) Difference test
Age (range) 29–66 39–78 30–56 F(2,212) = 169.37***,
η2 = 0.615
M 38.99a 58.17b 39.11a
SD 7.90 7.79 5.56
Place of birth (%) χ2(2) = 12.06**, Cramer’s
V = 0.235
(0) Israel 92.3 79.5 96.8
(1) Other 7.7 20.5 3.2
Education level (%) F(2,216) = 0.46, η2 = 0.004
(1) Elementary or no education 1.3 1.3 0
(2) Partial high school 0 5.1 1.6
(3) Full high school 5.1 3.8 9.5
(4) Higher education 5.1 3.8 3.2
(5) Academic education 88.5 85.9 85.7
M 4.79 4.68 4.73
SD 0.65 0.86 0.70
Self-rated economic status (%) F(2,216) = 8.33***, η2 = 0.072
(1) Low 2.6 1.3 0
(2) Below average 0 6.4 1.6
(3) Average 32.1 47.4 22.2
(4) Above average 46.2 35.9 52.4
(5) High 19.2 9.0 23.8
M 3.79a 3.45b 3.98a
SD 0.84 0.80 0.72
Self-rated health (%) F(2,214) = 4.20*, η2 = 0.038
(1) Bad 0 0 0
(2) Not so good 0 2.6 0
(3) Fair 5.1 16.9 3.2
(4) Good 46.2 41.6 48.4
(5) Very good 48.7 39.0 48.4
M 4.44a 4.17b 4.45a
SD 0.59 0.80 0.56
Self-rated religiousness (%) χ2(2) = 7.75*, Cramer’s
V = 0.188
(0) Secular 84.6 87.2 98.4
(1) Other 15.4 12.8 1.6
Family religion (%) χ2(2) = 1.15, Cramer’s
V = 0.073
(0) Jewish 98.7 100 98.4
(1) Other 1.3 0 1.6
Children at home (%) χ2(2) = 128.07***, Cramer’s V = 0.770
(0) No 8.0 78.2 0
(1) Yes 92.0 21.8 100
Place of residence (%) χ2(2) = 2.25, Cramer’s
V = 0.101
(0) City 78.2 84.6 87.3
(1) Rural 21.8 15.4 12.7
Relationship status (%) χ2(2) = 20.39***, Cramer’s
V = 0.305
(0) Not in relationship 19.2 46.2 15.9
(1) In relationship 80.8 53.8 84.1
Number of children (range) 1–6 1–8 1–3 F(2,216) = 26.15***,
η2 = 0.195
M 1.87a 2.79b 1.71a
SD 0.92 1.25 0.60
Children’s age1 (range) 0.08–31.5 9–47 1–17 F(2,215) = 341.98***,
η2 = 0.761
M 5.86a 28.29b 2.29c
SD 7.19 7.95 2.49

The ANOVA tests regarding age, education level, self-rated economic status, self-rated health, number of children, and children’s age compared the respective mean ratings of the three study groups. Significant pairwise comparisons are noted by different superscripts within each sociodemographic variable (according to Bonferroni post hoc tests, p < 0.05). 1Calculated as the mean age of each participant’s children. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.