Table 2.

Summary of fertility outcomes after IUD removal described in the literature

Study	Sample size (n)	Mean age (range)	Nulliparous (%)	IUD type	Length of IUD use	Fertility outcome measures (%)
Andersson et al., 1992 [41]	138	27 (18–36)	Information not available	LNG	19 months (3–50)	CR (12 m)–79.1
Doll et al., 2001 [45]	162	27.7 (< 20–35+)	100	Copper	Used for < 42 months Used for 42–78 months Used for > 78 months	LBR (24 m)–76.5 By length of use: < 42 m - 88.1 42–78 m - 73.5 > 78 m - 68.3
Zhu et al., 2013 [44]	1770	37.3 (21–53)	0	Copper	10.3 years (1–28)	CR (12m)–70.96 By age: < 35 - 92.18 35–40 - 84.17 > 40 - 58.57
Eisenberg et al., 2015 [38]	68	27.3 (16–45)*	57.7	LNG	< 3 years	CR (12 m)–86.8
Gemzell-Danielsson et al., 2017 [40]	179	27.1 (18–35)*	39.5	LNG	< 5 years	CR (12 m)–71.2

IUD, intrauterine device, LNG = levonorgestrel, m = months, yrs = years, CR = conception rate, LBR = live birth rate

*Average age reported for entire LNG IUD study group, unavailable for subgroup of women who discontinued LNG IUD and were followed for time to conception