Table 1.

List of probiotic strains and their potential effects

S.No.	Probiotic strains	Features	Potential effect	References
1	Akkermansia muciniphila	Strict anaerobe, mucin degrader, can colonize in ileum, cecum and colon	Reduces body fat, serum triglyceride, fasting glucose levels and enhances insulin sensitivity	[104, 105]
2	Brevibacillus laterosporus	Spore forming, Antimicrobial peptide producer	Antibacterial and antitumor activity	[106, 107]
3	Bacteroides xylanisolvens	Strictly anaerobic, resistant to gastric enzymes and low-pH conditions	Increases the level of TFα-specific immunoglobulin M serum antibodies	[108, 109]
4	Bifidobacterium bifidum	Acetate and propionate producer	Greater cytokine (IL-6) production and active phagocytic property	[110, 111]
5	Bifidobacterium breve	Acetate producer and resistant to low-pH	Anti-infectious activity	[112]
6	Bifidobacterium infantis	Acetate and propionate producer	Therapeutic effect against irritable bowel syndrome and inhibits the secretion of allergen-induced IgE	[113–115]
7	Bifidobacterium lactis	Aerotolerant	Plasminogen binding activity and regulates the co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86, CD40), required for an effective activation of T-cells	[116, 117]
8	Bifidobacterium longum	Acetate and propionate producer	modulate the immune system through IL-10 production	[118]
9	Clostridium butyricum	Butyrate producer	Neuroprotective effects against vascular dementia	[119]
10	Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	Strictly anaerobic	anti-inflammatory effects by blocking NF-kappaB activation and IL-8 production	[120, 121]
11	Lactobacillus acidophilus	Lactic and acetic acids producer	Reduces the level of cholesterol through reverse transport in macrophages	[122]
12	Lactobacillus brevis	γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) producer	Antidepressant, antihypertensive, and anti-diabetic effects	[123]
13	Lactobacillus bulgaricus	Lactic acid producer	Anti-microbial peptide production	[124]
14	Lactobacillus casei group (LCG)	Low-pH tolerant and amino acid utilization	Anti-inflammatory response	[125, 126]
15	Lactobacillus gasseri	Bile tolerant, cholesterol binding ability	Reduces body weight and adipose tissue mass	[127, 128]
16	Lactobacillus helveticus	Lactic acid producer with high protease activity	Inhibits the proliferation of lymphocytes through a suppression of JNK signaling pathway	[129]
17	Lactobacillus plantarum	Anti-microbial peptides producer	Cholesterol lowering activity	[130, 131]
18	Lactobacillus salivarius	Bile and pH tolerant	Reduces pathogenicity of C. albicans by inhibiting the biofilm formation	[132, 133]
19	Lactococcus lactis	Bacteriocins and lactic acid producer	Used as a vehicle to deliver therapeutics such as cytokines into the human body	[134]
20	Pediococcus acidilactici	Bacteriocins and lactic acid producer	Antimicrobial activity against several gram-positive and gram-negative food-spoilage and food-borne pathogens	[135]
21	Streptococcus thermophiles	Lactic acid producer	Suppresses the Th17 response in inflamed intestines, useful in inflammatory bowel disease	[136]
22	Enterococcus faecium	Bacteriocin producer	Modulate the Th2-mediated pathologic response	[137, 138]
23	Saccharomyces boulardii (Yeast)	Resistant to gastric enzymes	Beneficial in Clostridium difficile-associated disease, antibiotic-associated diarrheas, and acute infectious diarrheas	[139, 140]