Table 3.

List of prebiotic sources and their potential effect

S.No.	Prebiotic sources	Component(s)	Potential effects	References
1	Chicory Root	Inulin	Potential substrate for gut bacteria, helps in increasing bile production	[147, 148]
2	Dandelion Greens	Inulin	Diuretic, antioxidant and cholesterol-lowering effects	[149, 150]
3	Jerusalem Artichoke	Inulin, high in thiamine and potassium	Potential substrate for gut bacteria and promotes proper muscle function	[151, 152]
4	Garlic	Inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS)	Increases the growth of Bifidobacterium and reduces the growth of disease promoting bacteria	[153]
5	Onions	Inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS)	Boosts the immune system by increasing nitric oxide production in cells	[154]
6	Barley	Beta-glucan	Cholesterol-lowering activities	[155]
7	Oats	Beta-glucan	Reduces serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol	[156, 157]
8	Apples	Pectin	Increases the population of butyrate- and beta-glucuronidase producing Clostridiales	[158]
9	Konjac Root	Glucomannan	Promotes the growth of lactic acid bacteria and colonic fermentation and reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol	[159, 160]
10	Flaxseeds	Cellulose and lignin	Reduces cholesterol level and increase fecal fat excretion	[161, 162]
11	Yacon Root	fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin	Improves the growth of Bifidobacteria in the colon, enhances mineral absorption and gastrointestinal metabolism and plays a role in the regulation of serum cholesterol	[163]
12	Wheat Bran	Arabinoxylan oligosaccharides	Increases Bifidobacteria levels relative to total fecal microbiota, and reduces colonic protein fermentation	[164]