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. 2020 Feb 4;9:15. doi: 10.1038/s41377-020-0250-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a and c Retardance (left) and transmission (right) images of birefringent structures written at different pulse densities and pulse durations, respectively. In c, the polarization was rotated during laser writing. b and d Plots of the retardance (blue circles) and transmittance (red squares) of the modified regions in a and c against the pulse density and pulse duration, respectively. In d, the ranges of the pulse duration for different modification types are indicated by different colours. e Retardance distribution in the area of birefringent structures written with different pulse durations. f Retardance plotted along the dashed line in e, where stress is formed between the laser written structures. g Refractive index change in the modified regions written with different pulse durations (Section 3 of Supplementary). The refractive index was measured using a phase imaging camera. Δn_unpol, Δn_0°,o and Δn_90°,e are the refractive index changes measured with unpolarized light and with horizontally (0°) and vertically (90°) polarized light. The slow axis of birefringence in the modified region is horizontal (0°). The small difference of Δn_0°,o > Δn_90°,e at a shorter pulse duration is due to stress-induced birefringence