Fig. 2. The SEM framework showing direct and indirect connections between institution attendance (n = 458), in situ contributions (n = 119), and various institutional and socio-economic variables.

Path coefficients shown are standardised. The yellow box indicates the additional pathways included for the 119 institutions for which in situ investment data was available. Blue arrows represent positive effects and pink arrows represent negative effects. Line width represents relative effect sizes. Grey boxes represent socio-economic variables and green boxes represent institutional variables. Source data: model structure and coefficients were determined using the Supplementary Code and based on Supplementary Data 1 and 2 provided.